病例报告
肺动静脉瘘致反常脑栓塞一例
中华神经科杂志, 2019,52(7) : 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2019.07.008
摘要

该例肺动静脉瘘致反常脑栓塞患者为青年女性,主要表现为右侧肢体无力,头颅磁共振成像示左侧多发急性脑梗死,病灶分属于左侧大脑中、大脑后动脉供血区。在排除了常见脑血管病发病危险因素后,发泡试验提示右向左分流,经食道超声检查排除卵圆孔未闭,行肺CT血管造影检查证实为肺动静脉瘘导致的颅内栓塞。行介入栓塞治疗后患者未再发生缺血性卒中事件。

引用本文: 李婷婷, 魏丽萍, 谷晓林, 等.  肺动静脉瘘致反常脑栓塞一例 [J] . 中华神经科杂志, 2019, 52(7) : 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2019.07.008.
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栓子通过心内、肺的异常通道,由右心系统直接进入左心系统引起的栓塞事件即为反常栓塞(paradoxical embolism)。卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovala,PFO)是最常见的异常通道,肺动静脉瘘(pulmonary arteriovenous fistula,PAVF)较少见[1]。我们报道PAVF致反常脑栓塞1例。

临床资料 患者女性,37岁,因"突发右侧肢体无力1 d"于2018年9月8日入院,发病前曾长时间卧床睡眠,晨间醒后用力排便。患者既往有偏头痛病史10余年。否认糖尿病、心脏病、高血压、吸烟等脑血管病危险因素。入院体检:右上肢血压108/66 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),左上肢血压110/70 mmHg,双肺呼吸音清,心率70次/min,心律齐,双下肢无水肿。意识清楚,右侧肢体肌力Ⅳ级,右侧病理征阴性。辅助检查:血常规示血红蛋白106 g/L,红、白细胞及血小板计数均在正常范围。血液生化、出凝血时间、免疫检查结果均在正常范围。反常性栓塞风险量表(risk of paradoxical embolism,RoPE)评分:9分。头颅MRI示左侧基底核区、脑室旁及顶叶皮质下点片状急性期梗死灶(图1),经颅多普勒超声及脑MRA未发现血管病变;双下肢深静脉彩色超声未示血栓形成;常规心电图示窦性心律,24 h动态心电图未发现心律失常;经胸心脏彩色超声未发现心脏瓣膜病、黏液瘤等器质性心脏病;发泡试验监测双侧大脑中动脉,静息状态下推注激活生理盐水后5 s即见"雨帘样"微栓子信号(图2),Valsalva动作后较静息状态下没有明显变化;经食道心脏超声检查见房间隔未探及回声中断及分流束,卵圆窝处原发隔与继发隔之间未发现明显裂隙,增强经食道超声见左心系统4 s后出现微泡,呈"雨帘状"(图3),考虑肺动脉水平上的右向左分流;三维重建后的肺CTA(图4)提示右PAVF。治疗经过:入院后给予抗凝治疗直到PAVF介入栓塞术。术后1个月复查发泡试验,监测双侧大脑中动脉,未发现栓子信号。术后6个月复查发泡试验,静息状态下推注激活生理盐水后12 s见3个微泡信号,Valsalva动作19 s见9个微泡信号(图5)。截至目前,患者未复查肺CTA。患者术后未再出现缺血性脑卒中事件,也未再有偏头痛发作,后期仍会继续随访。

点击查看大图
图1
患者头颅磁共振成像示左侧基底核区(A)、脑室旁(B)及顶叶皮质下(C)点片状急性期梗死灶(箭头)
Figure 1
Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of the patient indicated that new infarctions located in left basilar region (A, arrow), left paraventricular region (B, arrow), and left subcortical parietal lobe (C, arrow)
点击查看大图
图1
患者头颅磁共振成像示左侧基底核区(A)、脑室旁(B)及顶叶皮质下(C)点片状急性期梗死灶(箭头)
Figure 1
Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of the patient indicated that new infarctions located in left basilar region (A, arrow), left paraventricular region (B, arrow), and left subcortical parietal lobe (C, arrow)
点击查看大图
图2
患者经颅多普勒超声发泡试验监测双侧大脑中动脉,静息状态下推注发泡剂后5 s即可见"雨帘状"栓子信号(长箭头)
Figure 2
Monitoring bilateral middle cerebral arteries of the patient by Doppler ultrasound foaming test showed the "rain curtain" suppository signal (long arrows) 5 s after administrating the foaming agent at rest
点击查看大图
图2
患者经颅多普勒超声发泡试验监测双侧大脑中动脉,静息状态下推注发泡剂后5 s即可见"雨帘状"栓子信号(长箭头)
Figure 2
Monitoring bilateral middle cerebral arteries of the patient by Doppler ultrasound foaming test showed the "rain curtain" suppository signal (long arrows) 5 s after administrating the foaming agent at rest
点击查看大图
图3
患者经食道超声下发泡显示4 s后左心系统出现微泡(箭头),考虑肺动脉水平上的右向左分流
Figure 3
Microbubbles (arrows) appeared in the left heart system of the patient 4 s after contrast transesophageal echocardiography test, suggesting right-to-left shunt at the pulmonary artery level
点击查看大图
图3
患者经食道超声下发泡显示4 s后左心系统出现微泡(箭头),考虑肺动脉水平上的右向左分流
Figure 3
Microbubbles (arrows) appeared in the left heart system of the patient 4 s after contrast transesophageal echocardiography test, suggesting right-to-left shunt at the pulmonary artery level
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图4
患者三维重建后的肺CT血管造影。右肺中叶内侧段近纵隔处见迂曲血管影,一支汇入右上肺静脉,一支发自右下肺动脉,提示右肺动静脉瘘(箭头)
Figure 4
Three-dimensional reconstruction of pulmonary computed tomography angiography of the patient. Tortuous shadows were found in interior segment of the middle lobe of the right lung near mediastinum, one entered into the right superior pulmonary vein and the other originated from the right inferior pulmonary artery, suggesting a right pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (arrow)
点击查看大图
图4
患者三维重建后的肺CT血管造影。右肺中叶内侧段近纵隔处见迂曲血管影,一支汇入右上肺静脉,一支发自右下肺动脉,提示右肺动静脉瘘(箭头)
Figure 4
Three-dimensional reconstruction of pulmonary computed tomography angiography of the patient. Tortuous shadows were found in interior segment of the middle lobe of the right lung near mediastinum, one entered into the right superior pulmonary vein and the other originated from the right inferior pulmonary artery, suggesting a right pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (arrow)
点击查看大图
图5
患者肺动静脉瘘栓塞术后6个月复查发泡试验,监测双侧大脑中动脉,Valsalva动作19 s见9个微泡信号(长箭头)
Figure 5
Foaming test repeated six months after pulmonary arteriovenous fistula embolization. Bilateral middle cerebral arteries were monitored. Nine microbubbles (long arrows) were observed 19 s after Valsalva action
点击查看大图
图5
患者肺动静脉瘘栓塞术后6个月复查发泡试验,监测双侧大脑中动脉,Valsalva动作19 s见9个微泡信号(长箭头)
Figure 5
Foaming test repeated six months after pulmonary arteriovenous fistula embolization. Bilateral middle cerebral arteries were monitored. Nine microbubbles (long arrows) were observed 19 s after Valsalva action
讨论

青年隐源性卒中反常栓塞比例较高,合理掌握RoPE的使用,可帮助我们提高反常栓塞诊断的阳性率[2]。该患者RoPE评分9分,高度提示反常栓塞。头颅MRI提示梗死灶位于左侧大脑中动脉、左侧大脑中动脉与左侧大脑后动脉分水岭等不同分支供血区,患者既往无脑血管病的危险因素,MRA未发现动脉硬化斑块、夹层等病变,血液检查未发现可能的致病因素,初步考虑心源性栓塞机制。然而患者常规心电图及24 h动态心电图检查未发现心律失常,经胸心脏超声未发现器质性心脏病变。患者发病时间为晨间入厕用力排便后,推测患者夜间长时间睡眠有下肢静脉血栓形成可能,用力排便腹压增加类似于Valsalva动作,或许脱落的血栓在Valsalva动作下导致脑卒中发生。该患者既往有偏头痛病史,已有大量文献报道[3],部分偏头痛患者存在右向左分流。基于上述病例特点、病灶分布,考虑患者存在反常栓塞。

PFO是反常栓塞最常见的病因,发泡试验目前已被广泛用于右向左分流的筛查。该例经发泡试验证实静息状态下推注激活生理盐水后5 s即见大量右向左分流,经食道超声排除PFO,肺CTA证实存在PAVF。在PAVF反常栓塞事件中,中枢神经系统栓塞事件大约占30%~50%[4],未经治疗的PAVF患者缺血性卒中发生率至少25%[5]。目前栓塞疗法依然是症状性PAVF患者或高风险患者最确切的治疗方法[6]。该患者行介入栓塞术后1个月复查发泡试验阴性,术后半年复查发泡试验结果阳性。对此可能的解释有[7]:(1)潜在PAVF开放;(2)首次栓塞后发生再通;(3)栓塞装置移位、脱落。

对青年隐源性卒中,要高度重视反常栓塞。发泡试验静息状态下监测到大量右向左分流且不受Valsalva动作影响时,要高度怀疑PAVF可能。尤其是当经食道超声排除了PFO后,需常规行肺CTA检查。

本例行栓塞治疗后未再出现偏头痛发作。偏头痛合并PAVF病例罕见,有报道1例散发性偏瘫性偏头痛患者合并PAVF[8]。也有个案报道,对合并PAVF的偏头痛患者栓塞部分瘘管后,患者偏头痛未再发作[9],与本例治疗效果一致。个案报道毕竟不能排除偶然因素,仍需大样本临床研究进一步证实PAVF与偏头痛之间的关系。

志      谢

志谢 感谢本院化验室、影像科、彩超室等科室的大力协助与支持,感谢患者对临床工作的理解和协作

利益冲突

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

利益冲突

Conflicts of interest: None declared

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