病例报告与文献综述
无水乙醇联合聚桂醇治疗弥漫性浸润型静脉畸形一例
中华整形外科杂志, 2019,35(5) : 497-501. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-4598.2019.05.016
摘要

该文主要介绍了1例较为罕见的弥漫性浸润型静脉畸形病例的诊疗过程及治疗方法。患者为14岁女性,出生后不久即发现右侧会阴部有鹌鹑蛋大小的暗蓝色包块,随着生长发育暗蓝色包块逐渐弥漫分布于右侧会阴部、臀部及下肢,外阴失去正常外形,右下肢较健侧明显增粗。影像学检查提示为会阴部、臀部及右下肢静脉畸形。应用无水乙醇联合聚桂醇对静脉畸形分次行硬化栓塞治疗,取得了满意的效果,随访1年,无复发。

引用本文: 吴为民, 吴磊, 温立霞, 等.  无水乙醇联合聚桂醇治疗弥漫性浸润型静脉畸形一例 [J] . 中华整形外科杂志, 2019, 35(5) : 497-501. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-4598.2019.05.016.
参考文献导出:   Endnote    NoteExpress    RefWorks    NoteFirst    医学文献王
扫  描  看  全  文

正文
作者信息
基金 0  关键词  0
English Abstract
评论
阅读 0  评论  0
相关资源
引用 | 论文 | 视频

版权归中华医学会所有。

未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计。

除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。

静脉畸形是一种先天性疾病,属于最常见的血管畸形[1],因管壁不具备完整的平滑肌被膜[2],随着血液灌注,其血管直径渐进性扩大,对周边结构包括皮下组织、肌肉及骨骼产生压迫效应或自身破裂而出血。静脉畸形按其病变范围、部位和深度可分为局限性非浸润型、局限性浸润型、弥漫性非浸润型和弥漫性浸润型[3]。其中弥漫性浸润型静脉畸形,因侵入范围巨大而深入,严重威胁患者生命[4],治疗难度较大。我们于2015年7月2日收治1例较为罕见的右下肢、会阴部及臀部弥漫性浸润型静脉畸形患者,应用无水乙醇联合聚桂醇分次血管内硬化栓塞进行治疗,取得了满意的效果。

一、病例介绍

患者女,14岁,46 kg,因先后发现右侧会阴部、大腿及小腿无痛性暗蓝色包块14年就诊。患者出生后不久其家长发现右侧会阴部有鹌鹑蛋大小的暗蓝色包块,站立时明显,逐渐增大,1岁时就诊于当地医院,疑诊为"腹股沟疝",并行手术治疗,其后不久在右侧大腿及小腿亦先后出现类似包块,随生长发育逐渐增长,于2015年7月2日收治入院。检查:系统检查无异常。右侧会阴、臀部及下肢可见广泛暗蓝色包块,质柔韧,界限不清,压缩性明显,未触及搏动感,未闻及异常杂音,体位试验阳性,右侧阴阜至大阴唇包块呈梨状畸形凸起,覆盖右侧会阴区,未见正常外阴外形,阴蒂移位,股部根部内后侧、臀部下侧、会阴联合及肛周瘤体明显膨出,右下肢较健侧明显增粗(图1A图2A图3A)。实验室及辅助检查:血、尿常规、肝肾功能、凝血功能无异常,心电图及胸部X线片无异常。彩超检查提示右侧会阴部、臀部及下肢,皮下及肌层内多发无回声包块,可见血流信号。磁共振成像提示右侧会阴部、臀部及右下肢软组织、右胫、腓骨中下段骨质及骨髓广泛异常信号(T2高信号影)(图4A图5A图6A)。DSA提示右侧会阴部、右臀部及右下肢广泛静脉畸形,右股深动脉、腘动脉及右胫前动脉、腓动脉细小分支参与供血;肛周瘤体与直肠下静脉丛交通,并通过髂内静脉回流入下腔静脉(图3B)。诊断:会阴部、臀部及右下肢静脉畸形。本研究已参考赫尔辛基宣言,并取得患者知情同意。

点击查看大图
图1
14岁女性患者静脉畸形前面观 A:术前,会阴瘤体呈梨状畸形凸起,覆盖右侧会阴区,右下肢较健侧明显增粗;B:会阴区栓塞3次后,瘤体明显缩小,阴蒂在位;C:会阴区栓塞7次后,会阴恢复正常外形;D:术后1年随访,会阴外观正常,双下肢周径基本一致
Fig 1
A 14-year-old female patient with venous malformation, frontal view. A: Preoperative view, the perineal mass was a pyriform abnormal protrusion, covering the right perineal region. The right lower extremity was significantly thicker than contralateral. B:The size of the mass was significantly reduced, and the clitoris was in-place after three times of embolotherapy. C: Perineal appearance was restored to normal after seven times of embolotherapy. D: After one year′s follow-up, the perineal appearance was normal, and the diameter of the lower extremity was normal.
点击查看大图
图1
14岁女性患者静脉畸形前面观 A:术前,会阴瘤体呈梨状畸形凸起,覆盖右侧会阴区,右下肢较健侧明显增粗;B:会阴区栓塞3次后,瘤体明显缩小,阴蒂在位;C:会阴区栓塞7次后,会阴恢复正常外形;D:术后1年随访,会阴外观正常,双下肢周径基本一致
Fig 1
A 14-year-old female patient with venous malformation, frontal view. A: Preoperative view, the perineal mass was a pyriform abnormal protrusion, covering the right perineal region. The right lower extremity was significantly thicker than contralateral. B:The size of the mass was significantly reduced, and the clitoris was in-place after three times of embolotherapy. C: Perineal appearance was restored to normal after seven times of embolotherapy. D: After one year′s follow-up, the perineal appearance was normal, and the diameter of the lower extremity was normal.
点击查看大图
图2
14岁女性患者静脉畸形后面观 A:术前,臀部下方瘤体明显膨出,臀沟形态不可见,右下肢较健侧明显增粗;B:臀部下侧及股部根部栓塞治疗3次后,瘤体明显缩小;C:臀部下侧及股部根部栓塞治疗5次后,臀沟清晰可见,股部周径接近健侧;D:术后1年随访,臀部及股部未见瘤体膨出,但臀大肌因被瘤体侵犯而发育不良
Fig 2
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, posterior view. A:Preoperative view, the tumor at the bottom of the buttock was obviously bulge out. The shape of the gluteal fold was not visible, and the right lower limb was obviously thicker than the left. B: The size of the tumors on the lower buttock and root of femur were significantly reduced after three times of embolotherapy. C: The gluteal fold was clearly visible, and the circumference of the femur was similar to that of the contralateral thigh, after five times of embolotherapy. D: After a year of follow-up, there was no tumor expansion on the buttock and femoral part, but the gluteus maximus was stunted due to tumor invasion.
点击查看大图
图2
14岁女性患者静脉畸形后面观 A:术前,臀部下方瘤体明显膨出,臀沟形态不可见,右下肢较健侧明显增粗;B:臀部下侧及股部根部栓塞治疗3次后,瘤体明显缩小;C:臀部下侧及股部根部栓塞治疗5次后,臀沟清晰可见,股部周径接近健侧;D:术后1年随访,臀部及股部未见瘤体膨出,但臀大肌因被瘤体侵犯而发育不良
Fig 2
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, posterior view. A:Preoperative view, the tumor at the bottom of the buttock was obviously bulge out. The shape of the gluteal fold was not visible, and the right lower limb was obviously thicker than the left. B: The size of the tumors on the lower buttock and root of femur were significantly reduced after three times of embolotherapy. C: The gluteal fold was clearly visible, and the circumference of the femur was similar to that of the contralateral thigh, after five times of embolotherapy. D: After a year of follow-up, there was no tumor expansion on the buttock and femoral part, but the gluteus maximus was stunted due to tumor invasion.
点击查看大图
图3
A: 14岁女性患者静脉畸形,术前右侧肛周瘤体明显膨出;B:数字减影血管造影提示肛周瘤体与直肠下静脉丛交通,并通过髂内静脉回流入下腔静脉;C:栓塞治疗1次后,瘤体明显缩小,外观接近正常
Fig 3
A: A 14-year-old female with venous malformation. Preoperative view, the right perianal tumor was markedly swollen. B: DSA indicated the venous communication between the perianal tumor and the inferior rectal venous plexus. The vein of perianal tumor flowed back to the inferior vena cava through the iliac vein. C: The tumor was obviously shrunk, and its appearance was close to normal after primary embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图3
A: 14岁女性患者静脉畸形,术前右侧肛周瘤体明显膨出;B:数字减影血管造影提示肛周瘤体与直肠下静脉丛交通,并通过髂内静脉回流入下腔静脉;C:栓塞治疗1次后,瘤体明显缩小,外观接近正常
Fig 3
A: A 14-year-old female with venous malformation. Preoperative view, the right perianal tumor was markedly swollen. B: DSA indicated the venous communication between the perianal tumor and the inferior rectal venous plexus. The vein of perianal tumor flowed back to the inferior vena cava through the iliac vein. C: The tumor was obviously shrunk, and its appearance was close to normal after primary embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图4
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,股部冠状面T2加权像 A:术前,提示右股部内后侧及会阴区软组织广泛高信号影;B:硬化栓塞术后10次后,右股部内后侧及会阴区高信号影明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:栓塞17次后,右股部根部、会阴区及右股部下段高信号影基本消失
Fig 4
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation. The picture presents the MRT T2 weighted image of femoris on coronal plane. A: Preoperative view, the results indicated that there was wide high signal shadow of the soft tissue on the posterior part of the right thigh and the perineal region. B: High signal shadow was significantly reduced and limited on the right posterior part and perineal region, and mixed with more lower signal shadow after ten times of embolotherapy. C: The high signal shadow basically disappeared on the right thigh root, perineal region and right thigh subsegment after seventeen times of embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图4
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,股部冠状面T2加权像 A:术前,提示右股部内后侧及会阴区软组织广泛高信号影;B:硬化栓塞术后10次后,右股部内后侧及会阴区高信号影明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:栓塞17次后,右股部根部、会阴区及右股部下段高信号影基本消失
Fig 4
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation. The picture presents the MRT T2 weighted image of femoris on coronal plane. A: Preoperative view, the results indicated that there was wide high signal shadow of the soft tissue on the posterior part of the right thigh and the perineal region. B: High signal shadow was significantly reduced and limited on the right posterior part and perineal region, and mixed with more lower signal shadow after ten times of embolotherapy. C: The high signal shadow basically disappeared on the right thigh root, perineal region and right thigh subsegment after seventeen times of embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图5
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,横截面(耻骨联合下缘平面)T2加权像 A:右侧会阴区软组织广泛高信号影;B:会阴区栓塞3次后,右侧会阴区软组织高信号明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:会阴区栓塞7次后,右侧会阴区软组织高信号基本消失
Fig 5
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, MRT cross-sectional (lower margin plane of symphysis pubis) T2 weighted images. A: Extensive high signal shadow on the right perineal region. B: High signal shadow was obviously reduced and limited on the right perineal region and mixed with more lower signal shadow after three times of embolotherapy. C: The high signal of soft tissue in the right perineal region disappeared after seven times of embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图5
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,横截面(耻骨联合下缘平面)T2加权像 A:右侧会阴区软组织广泛高信号影;B:会阴区栓塞3次后,右侧会阴区软组织高信号明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:会阴区栓塞7次后,右侧会阴区软组织高信号基本消失
Fig 5
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, MRT cross-sectional (lower margin plane of symphysis pubis) T2 weighted images. A: Extensive high signal shadow on the right perineal region. B: High signal shadow was obviously reduced and limited on the right perineal region and mixed with more lower signal shadow after three times of embolotherapy. C: The high signal of soft tissue in the right perineal region disappeared after seven times of embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图6
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,右小腿矢状面T2加权像 A:术前,提示右小腿软组织广泛高信号影,胫骨骨质及骨髓腔内可见广泛静脉畸形浸润;B:右小腿硬化栓塞术后1次后,右小腿腓肠肌肌腹高信号影明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:右小腿硬化栓塞术3次后,右小腿腓肠肌肌腹上段高信号影基本消失
Fig 6
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, MRI T2 weighted image of the sagittal plane of the right leg. A:Preoperative, it is suggested that there was extensive high signal shadow on the soft tissue of the right lower leg and extensive venous malformations can be seen on the tibial bone and bone marrow cavity. B: The high signal shadow of right leg gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced, limited and mixed with more lower signal shadow after primary embolotherapy. C: The high signal shadow disappeared on the upper part of right calf gastrocnemius muscle after three times of embolotherapy.
点击查看大图
图6
14岁女性患者静脉畸形磁共振成像,右小腿矢状面T2加权像 A:术前,提示右小腿软组织广泛高信号影,胫骨骨质及骨髓腔内可见广泛静脉畸形浸润;B:右小腿硬化栓塞术后1次后,右小腿腓肠肌肌腹高信号影明显减少、局限,并混杂较多低信号影;C:右小腿硬化栓塞术3次后,右小腿腓肠肌肌腹上段高信号影基本消失
Fig 6
A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, MRI T2 weighted image of the sagittal plane of the right leg. A:Preoperative, it is suggested that there was extensive high signal shadow on the soft tissue of the right lower leg and extensive venous malformations can be seen on the tibial bone and bone marrow cavity. B: The high signal shadow of right leg gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced, limited and mixed with more lower signal shadow after primary embolotherapy. C: The high signal shadow disappeared on the upper part of right calf gastrocnemius muscle after three times of embolotherapy.
二、治疗方法

术前建立静脉通路,进行心电监护,根据栓塞部位选择合适体位,1%碘伏消毒术野,铺单,麻醉方式选择局部浸润麻醉。

对于会阴、右下肢及肛周深部瘤体,在DSA辅助下施行无水乙醇(500 ml,武汉市雪环医用消毒用品有限公司,鄂卫消证字[2002]第0047号)多点硬化栓塞。(1)会阴及右下肢深部瘤体:首先治疗会阴区,以3支7号头皮针相互间隔1 cm穿入会阴深部瘤体,见暗红色血液自然流出后,向1支头皮针内注入0.25%利多卡因注射液约5 ml,观察其他头皮针,见淡红色血液流出后,等待2 min,再缓慢经其中2个头皮针注射无水乙醇(图7A),每支每次注射5 ml,间隔5 min,无水乙醇单次剂量为10 ml。在以后10次对会阴及右下肢深部瘤体进行硬化治疗过程中,逐渐增加无水乙醇的单次剂量(每注射5 ml间隔5 min),同时增加头皮针使用数量、相互间距及局麻药用量,当无水乙醇的单次剂量增加到20 ml时,可见头皮针血液流出速度变缓、逐步转变成血清样及可见的微小血栓流出,此时,头皮针使用数量达到5支,相互间距约2 cm,0.25%利多卡因注射液用量达到15 ml。(2)右侧肛周瘤体:在术前行肠道准备后,以3支7号头皮针相互间隔1 cm刺入瘤体,向1支头皮针内注入0.25%利多卡因注射液约8 ml,见淡红色血液从其他头皮针流出后,通过3支头皮针向瘤体内注射无水乙醇约9 ml,每点注射剂量约3 ml,每注射3 ml间隔5 min,术后前3 d给予流质饮食。

点击查看大图
图7
A:14岁女性患者静脉畸形,数字减影血管造影辅助下对会阴区深部瘤体施行多点无水乙醇硬化栓塞;B:聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂对臀部下方浅表瘤体施行硬化栓塞
Fig 7
A: A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, digital subtraction angiography was used to perform multipoint anhydrous ethanol embolization on the deep perineal tumor. B: Foam sclerosing agent of lauromacrogol was used for the superficial tumor under the buttocks.
点击查看大图
图7
A:14岁女性患者静脉畸形,数字减影血管造影辅助下对会阴区深部瘤体施行多点无水乙醇硬化栓塞;B:聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂对臀部下方浅表瘤体施行硬化栓塞
Fig 7
A: A 14-year-old female with venous malformation, digital subtraction angiography was used to perform multipoint anhydrous ethanol embolization on the deep perineal tumor. B: Foam sclerosing agent of lauromacrogol was used for the superficial tumor under the buttocks.

对于臀部及右股部后内侧浅表瘤体,同样给予0.25%利多卡因注射局部麻醉后,采用Tessari法[5]将1%聚桂醇注射液(10 ml∶100 mg,陕西天宇制药有限公司,国药准字H20080445)制作成泡沫硬化剂(液气比为1∶4),采用"双针法"[6]施行硬化栓塞,结合术前体格检查和影像学检查资料,在瘤体中心部位,用7号头皮针穿刺,穿刺时可见有暗红色血液回流,然后在病灶边缘,以同样方法行头皮针穿刺,于中心部位即第1个头皮针穿刺处,以5 ml注射器缓慢推注泡沫硬化剂,可见第2个头皮针管内开始有褐色样血栓流出,继续推注,直至第2个头皮针的流出物变为白色泡沫硬化剂时,即可停止注射,总量不超过20 ml(图7B)。

三、结果

患者于2015年7月2日至2017年12月3日共进行17次血管内硬化栓塞术(其中无水乙醇硬化栓塞12次,聚桂醇硬化栓塞5次),同一部位栓塞间隔不小于1个月,会阴区、右下肢、肛周形态基本恢复正常(图1B~D图2B~D图3C),磁共振成像提示T2高信号影明显缩小、局限,会阴部及右股根部基本消失(图4B图4C图5B图5C图6B图6C),右下肢活动无影响,1年随访,无复发。

每次硬化栓塞术后均存在疼痛,以无水乙醇栓塞术后疼痛较明显,需镇痛处理,采用0.9%氯化钠注射液500 ml(500 ml∶4.5 g,武汉滨湖双鹤药业有限责任公司,国药准字H42020476)+地佐辛注射液5 mg(5 mg,扬子江药业集团有限公司,国药准字H20080329),缓慢静脉滴注,每分钟15滴。在对右股部后侧浅表瘤体行3次聚桂醇泡沫硬化治疗后,出现局部色素沉着,随时间推移,逐渐消退。

四、讨论

静脉畸形,旧称海绵状血管瘤,是先天性发育异常形成的静脉异常扩张畸形,属低流速脉管畸形[7],发生机制尚未明了。其病理表现为从毛细血管到腔穴不等的扩张血管腔窦,腔内壁衬以正常扁平的内皮细胞,内皮细胞下为一单层基底膜。血窦的管腔壁平滑肌稀少,外膜纤维变性[8,9]。临床表现多种多样,从无症状的单一静脉扩张,到严重威胁健康的多组织和器官弥漫性浸润。磁共振成像可明确病变范围及其与邻近结构关系,作为首选的检查项目[10,11],其在T2加权像表现为明显的高信号,通过抑脂后更能清晰显示病灶。数字减影血管造影(DSA)是诊断静脉畸形的金标准[12],还可明确瘤体与动脉之间的关系,在DSA辅助下进行血管内硬化治疗,能有效降低栓塞风险。

静脉畸形可发生于全身任何部位,其中在四肢的发生率约为40%[13],下肢因肌组织发达,与盆腔相连,静脉畸形早期不易被发现,在受到各种不同的因素,如激素改变、月经初潮、妊娠、外伤和外科手术刺激时可迅速生长[14]。本例病灶就受到多种因素的影响,在幼儿时期被误诊为腹股沟疝行手术治疗,青春发育期激素的改变及月经初潮等刺激,最终发展为累及肌肉、骨骼及盆腔的弥漫浸润性病灶,给治疗带来很大困难。

静脉畸形的治疗方法包括血管内硬化治疗、手术切除、压迫法、铜针埋置、激光等[15],其中手术切除及血管内硬化治疗是治疗静脉畸形的主要方法[10,11]。在血管内硬化治疗出现以前,外科手术切除一直是治疗静脉畸形的主要手段,对于局限于特定区域的局灶性边界清晰的静脉畸形,可手术彻底切除,术后不再复发,但对于浸润型静脉畸形,术中出血难以控制,手术风险大,且出血导致解剖视野差,瘤体无法彻底清除,术后复发率高。另外,术后遗留瘢痕亦是手术切除的一大缺点。

目前,血管内硬化治疗是静脉畸形的首选治疗方案[10,16],关于硬化剂的选择,以液体硬化剂无水乙醇及泡沫硬化剂聚桂醇最为常用[17]。其中,无水乙醇因其脱水作用及侵蚀性强,为硬化治疗的强效硬化剂,对大范围病灶具有十分突出的治疗效率及优势,但是其高风险性是限制其临床应用的主要因素[18]。聚桂醇治疗静脉畸形的机制,主要是通过破坏瘤体中血管内皮,促进血栓形成,阻塞血管并形成无菌性炎性反应,促进结缔组织增生、纤维化[19]。聚桂醇作用温和、安全性高,属于醚类,具有一定的麻醉作用,注射时痛苦小、患者耐受性较好[20]

为了降低血管内硬化治疗的风险,同时保证疗效,我们将经验总结如下:(1)浅表瘤体应用聚桂醇以"双针法"施行血管内硬化治疗,其疗效虽不如无水乙醇,但无皮肤、黏膜溃疡的发生,减轻了患者痛苦,同时通过多次注射,亦达到了满意效果。(2)深部及自然腔道瘤体应用无水乙醇以"多针法"施行血管内硬化治疗。通过多点经皮穿刺血管内注射无水乙醇,可有效避免瘤体内压力过高导致的血液逆流及外渗到周围损伤正常组织[21,22],减少相关并发症的发生。

Hammer等[23]研究发现,应用无水乙醇硬化治疗并发症的发生率与单次治疗的无水乙醇用量呈明显正相关。"血管瘤和脉管畸形诊断和治疗指南2016版"[10],以及国外的一项回顾性研究中明确提出,单次使用无水乙醇推荐用量不超过0.2 ml/kg[24]。我们在对会阴及右下肢深部瘤体行硬化治疗时,前期按推荐剂量进行治疗,发现瘤体缩小不明显,遂逐步加大无水乙醇用量,最终使无水乙醇的单次剂量达到了20 ml,接近0.4 ml/kg,未超过单次使用的极限量1.0 ml/kg[25,26],大剂量使用无水乙醇的原因与瘤体巨大、位置较深及血液回流速度较快有关。但肛周瘤体与直肠下静脉丛交通,并通过髂内静脉回流入下腔静脉(图3B),应用无水乙醇行血管内硬化治疗时,易发生组织坏死导致肛瘘,以及周边神经损伤导致大便失禁,甚至血栓脱入下腔静脉导致肺栓塞而危及生命。我们在DSA辅助下,通过分次、多点注射及严格控制单次剂量(0.2 ml/kg以内),取得了满意效果,除术后有局部疼痛外,未出现其他并发症。

下肢弥漫性浸润性静脉畸形还可侵犯骨骼,导致骨质增生、骨质疏松、骨质软化或骨质溶解[1,2]。本例患者右胫骨和腓骨中下段骨质及骨髓腔内可见广泛静脉畸形浸润,若行血管内栓塞治疗,是否会导致骨质坏死而引起下肢活动障碍,甚至截肢,需进一步探讨。

利益冲突

利益声明:本文作者与论文刊登的内容无利益关系。

伦理证明:本研究已参考赫尔辛基宣言。

利益冲突

Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.

Ethical Approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

参考文献
[1]
WittensC, DaviesAH, BækgaardN, et al. Editor′s choice-management of chronic venous disease: clinical practice guidelines of the european society for vascular surgery (ESVS)[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2015, 49(6):678-737. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.02.007.
[2]
LeeBB, AntignaniPL, BaraldiniV, et al. ISVI-IUA consensus document diagnostic guidelines of vascular anomalies: vascular malformations and hemangiomas[J]. Int Angiol, 2015, 34(4):333-374.
[3]
蒋米尔张培华临床血管外科学[M].北京科学出版社2011782-784.
[4]
LeeBB, KimDI, HuhS, et al. New experiences with absolute ethanol sclerotherapy in the management of a complex form of congenital venous malformation[J]. J Vasc Surg200133:764-772. DOI:10.1067/mva.2001.112209.
[5]
TessariL, CavezziA, FrulliniA. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins[J]. Dermatol Surg200127(1):58-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2001.00192.x.
[6]
梁云王城王亮. 硬化剂"双针法"介入注射治疗儿童体表静脉畸形的临床治疗研究[J]. 川北医学院学报2016, 31(6):805-808.
[7]
FoleyLS, KulungowskiAM. Vascular anomalies in pediatrics[J]. Adv Pediatr201562(1):227-255. DOI:10.1016/j.yapd.2015.04.009.
[8]
NassiriN, ThomasJ, Cirillo-PennNC. Evaluation and management of peripheral venous and lymphatic malformations[J]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2016, 4(2):257-265. DOI:10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.09.001.
[9]
AkitaH, YamadaY, ItoY, et al. Retroperitoneal low-flow vascular malformations: characteristic MRI findings correlated with histopathological findings[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2015, 40(6):1713-1720. DOI:10.1007/s00261-014-0319-2.
[10]
中华医学会整形外科分会血管瘤和脉管畸形学组血管瘤和脉管畸形诊断和治疗指南(2016版)[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志201612(2):73-75.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2016.02.001.
[11]
李龙《欧洲血管外科学会临床实践指南·慢性静脉疾病管理》中静脉畸形相关内容解读[J]. 中国普通外科杂志201625(6):795-801. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.06.003.
[12]
DelgadoJ, BedoyaMA, GaballahM, et al. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of foot venous malformations: evaluation of clinical response[J]. Clin Radiol, 2014, 69(9):931-938.DOI:10.1016/j.crad.2014.04.014.
[13]
ManoliT, MicheelM, ErnemannU, et al. Treatment algorithm and clinical outcome of venous malformations of the limbs[J]. Dermatol Surg, 2015, 41(10):1164. DOI:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000469.
[14]
LeeBB, BaumgartnerI, BerlienP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations. Consensus document of the international union of phlebology (IUP): updated 2013[J]. Int Angiol, 201534(2):97-149.
[15]
孙峰潘勇易成刚体表巨大静脉畸形治疗方案的优化选择[J]. 中国美容整形外科杂志201627(6):340-342. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2016.06.006.
[16]
LeeBB, BaumgartnerI, BerlienPet al. Guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations. consensus document of the international union of phlebology(iup): updated-2013[J]. Int Angiol2014.
[17]
高阳陈辉金云波常用硬化剂治疗静脉畸形导致神经损伤的回顾性研究[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志201612(4):222-226. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2016.04.004.
[18]
LeeBB, DoYS, ByunHS, et al. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2003, 37(3):533-538. DOI:10.1067/mva.2003.91.
[19]
DoYS, YakesWF, ShinSW, et al. Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations: interim results[J]. Radiology, 2005, 235(2):674-682. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2352040449.
[20]
张文显李芳芳杨伊帆无水乙醇+聚桂醇泡沫硬化+平阳霉素+弹力绷带联合治疗儿童静脉畸形的临床效果[J]. 中华介入放射学电子杂志20175(4):227-230. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2017.04.005.
[21]
邱胜达陈辉林晓曦静脉畸形的治疗进展[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志201410(4):225-227. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.04.015.
[22]
吴奇珍李家光雷少榕三点法注射无水乙醇血管内治疗静脉畸形[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版)201540(8):907-911. DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2015.08.014.
[23]
HammerFD, BoonLM, MathurinP, et al. Ethanol sclerotherapy of venous malformations: evaluation of systemic ethanol contamination[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol200112:595-600. DOI:10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61482-1.
[24]
BisdorffA, MazighiM, Saint-MauriceJP, et al. Ethanol threshold doses for systemic complications during sclerotherapy of superficial venous malformations: a retrospective study[J]. Neuroradiology, 2011, 53(11):891-894. DOI:10.1007/s00234-010-0803-5.
[25]
金云波林晓曦李伟静脉畸形血管内治疗的疗效和安全性评价[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志20106(4):211-215. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2010.04.012.
[26]
刘珍银李海波周少毅无水乙醇联合聚多卡醇泡沫硬化治疗儿童颌面部静脉畸形的临床研究[J]. 中华介入放射学电子杂志20175(4):235-240. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2017.04.007.
 
 
展开/关闭提纲
查看图表详情
回到顶部
放大字体
缩小字体
标签
关键词