Schizophrenia is a kind of neurodevelopmental brain disease with genetic background.Cognitive impairment has always been concerned as the core symptom of schizophrenia, and genetic factors play an important role in the cognitive impairment process of schizophrenia.This paper intends to explore the relationship between various neurotransmitter systems and neurodevelopmental related genes and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. With " schizophrenia" " cognitive" and " genetic" " dopamine" " glutamate" " serotonin" " norepinephrine" " acetylcholine" " neurodevelopmental" " genome-wide association studies" as key words, the author searched the English and Chinese literatures published from January 2001 to October 2019 in several databases, such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, CNKI academic journal database, Wanfang academic journal database, and selected the literature that was in line with the review topic after a large number of readings.Meanwhile, the author applied the literature tracing method to search the references of the literature that had been reviewed. Finally, 29 related literatures were included, and it was found that cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is related to multiple neurotransmitter system genes and neurodevelopmental genes, and these genes have different mechanisms of action in the process of cognitive impairment. The occurrence and development of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia involve multiple gene effects. The genetic study of neurotransmitter system and neurodevelopmental level is helpful to explore the pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.Future research should focus on how the pathogenesis/candidate genes of schizophrenia affect the neurotransmitter system and neurodevelopmental circuits, and further elucidate the mechanism of genetic factors in the development of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.