Objective To build the rat animal model of neurogenic bladder induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) and to nvestigate the changes of bladder and upper urinary tract function in this animal model. Methods A total of 60 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into SCI group and sham group. Complete spinal cord transection was established by cutting out of dura at T10 in SCI group. The sham operation group was done only expose dura of T10 without transection. Urodynamic monitor was performed on rats at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. Urine was sent to do biochemistry examination, including NAG, bacteria count and culture. Blood was sent to detect BUN. Then put animals to death and take kidney specimens to do pathological examination. Results Urodynamic monitoring in rats revealed significant changes in the activity of the lower urinary tract after spinal cord transection. SCI rats exhibited detrusor hyperreflexia during bladder filling, higher leak point pressure, increased compliance at first and then decreased compliance compared with sham rats. All rats had urinary tract infection after the spinal cord injury. The level of NAG in SCI rats was increased. Hydroureterosis and hydronephrosis were not seen in SCI rats. Inflammatory infiltration in pelvis'epithelium and noticeable fibrous degeneration in interstitium were seen under light microscope, but glomcrulus was nearly normal. Under electron microscope, swelled epithelial cells, decreased organdie, and disorderly arrangement of renal tubule brush border and mitochondrial crista were noted. Conclusions Neurogenic bladder induced by spinal cord injury reveals significant changes in the activity of the lower urinary tract. Pathological changes of renal tubule and interstitium are more sensitive than glomcrulus in the evaluation of renal function.