Objective To study the effects after repair of nerve defect with acellular nerve xenograft laden with allogenic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)in rhesus monkey.Methods Experiment time:March 2011 to May 2013.Isolated from the popliteal fossa fat of male Rhesus monkey,ADSCs were microinjected and planted on porcine acellular nerve xenograft by chemical extraction.The radial nerve defect models with 25 mm in length were established in 10 healthy adult female rhesus monkeys,and they were divided into group A,B and C (n =5) randomly,which were repaired with acellular nerve xenograft laden with allogenic ADSCs,acellular nerve xenograft only and nerve autograft.At 5 months after operation,the evaluation of wrist extension,electrophysiology and histological examination of the grafts and wrist extensor muscles were perform for nerve regeneration.Results At 5 months after operation,the recovery rate of wrist extension angle of group A,B and C were (80.53 ± 15.30) ％,(69.06 ± 7.02)％ and (99.91 ± 22.16)％ respectively.The conduction of radial nerve was recovered by electrophysiologcal detection and nerve fibers have regenerated by histological examination.In all indexes,group A was better than group B,while group C was better than group A and group B,which there was no statistical significance.Conclusion Porcine acellular nerve xenograft could repair 25 mm long radial nerve defect effectively in monkeys,whcih laden with allogenic ADSCs may be better than no laden with allogenic ADSCs.