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胰岛素样生长因子-1受体基因变异与矮身材的研究进展
中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2014,29(20) : 1528-1530. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2014.20.004
摘要

胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(IGF-1R)是下丘脑-垂体-生长激素轴IGF信号通路的受体级联效应分子。近年来,国外IGF-1R基因突变矮身材报道逐年增多,现将IGF-1R基因缺陷与矮身材的研究进展总结如下,以期引起临床医师的重视。

引用本文: 杨玉, 黄慧. 胰岛素样生长因子-1受体基因变异与矮身材的研究进展 [J] . 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2014, 29(20) : 1528-1530. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2014.20.004.
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胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor,IGF-1R)是下丘脑-垂体-生长激素轴IGF信号通路的受体级联效应分子。IGF-1内分泌、自分泌和旁分泌后的促生长作用均需要通过IGF-1R介导。尽管早在1986年就获得IGF-1R基因cDNA,但直到2003年才在IGF-1不敏感生长迟缓患者中发现了IGF-1R基因突变[1]。近年来,国外IGF-1R基因突变矮身材报道逐年增多,现将IGF-1R基因缺陷与矮身材的研究进展总结如下,以期引起临床医师的重视。

1  IGF-1R基因概述
1.1  IGF-1R基因的分子结构

IGF-1R基因(OMIM*147370)位于15q26.3,DNA长315 kbp,包含21个外显子。IGF-1R属于酪氨酸激酶受体家族(receptor tyrosine kinases,RTKs)。结构域包括:(1)亮氨酸富集区(L1、L2),L1由外显子2编码,L2由4~6外显子编码,主要功能是结合配体,为突变热点区域;(2)半胱氨酸富集区(CR),由2、3外显子编码;(3)FNⅢ区(纤连接蛋白),由6~14外显子编码,主要功能为信号转导;(4)跨膜结构域(TM区),由14、15外显子编码;(5)酪氨酸激酶结构域(TK),由16~20外显子编码,为酪氨酸激活区;(6)CT区,由21外显子编码,见图1[2]

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图1
胰岛素样生长因子-1受体基因结构域与基因突变
Figure 1
Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor gene structure domain and gene mutations
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图1
胰岛素样生长因子-1受体基因结构域与基因突变
Figure 1
Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor gene structure domain and gene mutations
1.2  IGF-1R基因表达、转录和翻译

IGF-1R基因在绝大多数组织和细胞中表达,表达水平受发育、营养、激素和胞内因子的共同调节,在胚胎期、胎儿期及出生后生长发育期恒定表达,但成年期后明显下降。

IGF-1R启动子结构为非典型,由不含TATA盒和CAAT盒的启动子完成基础转录。IGF-1R转录受雌激素受体、Sp1等[3]调节,Wilms'tumor 1(WT1)转录因子抑制其转录[4]IGF-1R基因转录后,不同RNA结合蛋白(如P60)和miR145[5]、miR-182、miR-233[6]与其3'和5'UTR区域结合从而调节mRNA的稳定性和翻译起始。出生前和出生后这些转录因子如何调节IGF-1R表达尚不清楚。

IGF-1R单链前体在内质网移除30个残基信号肽后,折叠并通过二硫键和糖基化形成二聚体,后转运至高尔基体剪切为成熟的异四聚体(α2β2)跨膜糖蛋白。

1.3  IGF-1R与胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,IR)

IGF-1R属于RTKs的O型亚家族-IR家族,该家族还包括胰岛素受体相关受体(insulin receptor-related receptor,INSRR)。IR和IGF-1R功能的分化可能是因为始祖基因在脊椎动物进化过程中IR多获得外显子11。虽然IGF-1和IGF-1R高亲和力,IGF-2和超磷酸化剂量胰岛素也可与IGF-1R结合[7]

IGF-1R抑制物是肿瘤治疗靶点,由于IR和IGF-1R酪氨酸激酶结构域高度同源,其相互作用也是肿瘤和糖尿病关注靶点,但目前尚未发现有效药物[8]。Gan等[9]对小鼠颅顶细胞生长激素(growth hormone,GH)促生长作用研究发现,GH信号通路功能必须通过IGF-1R介导,而不是IR,IR虽然与IGF-1R高度同源,在IGF-1R敲除时,无法取代其功能。INSRR的相关功能目前尚不清楚。

2 IGF-1R信号通路与矮身材

矮身材是指在相似环境下,儿童身高较正常同种族、同年龄、同性别人群身高均值低于2个标准差(-2 SDS)以上或处于第3百分位以下,总患病率约为2.50%,上海地区患病率为3.77%[10],60%~80%病因不明[11],符合特发性矮小(idiopat-hic short stature,ISS)诊断。

大样本流行病学调查显示,200多个基因与身高有关,但其关键基因及机制尚不清楚[12]。GH-胰岛素样生长因子(growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis,GH-IGF)轴是生长发育最重要的神经内分泌轴,该轴多个基因已发现与ISS发病相关[13]

GH促生长作用通过肝脏IGF信号通路介导,自分泌、旁分泌及内分泌IGF-1均必须通过IGF-1R发挥促生长作用,IGF-1R基因变异将影响IGF信号通路转导第一步,导致胞内多种生长发育相关信号通路异常,引起生长发育迟缓等其他疾病。

IGF-1R胞外α亚基与IGFs结合后引起α、β亚基别构作用,激活酪氨酸激酶活性,引起胞内底物的招募及磷酸化。底物包括胰岛素受体底物1~4和一些包含SH2结构域(Shc)的蛋白。IGF-1R活化后通过激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(P13K/Akt)通路刺激细胞增殖、抗凋亡等作用和激活RAS/MAPK通路启动级联系统。

P13K/Akt信号转导通路是P13Ks被激活后被招募至胞膜,产生第二信使3,4,5三磷酸磷脂酰肌醇,后者招募细胞内含有PH结构域(pleckstrin homolgy domain)的信号蛋白Akt至胞膜并与之结合。活化的Akt通过磷酸化作用激活或抑制一系列下游靶蛋白发挥不同生理作用。mTOR通路与蛋白质合成及动物体型等[14]密切相关,该通路激活与肿瘤[15]、心肌肥大[16]、骨骼肌肥大[17]等密切相关;糖原合成酶激酶-3β通路促进糖原合成,与肿瘤等疾病相关;转运载体-4通路促进骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取,与胰岛素抵抗[18],糖尿病发生相关;Foxo1通路与细胞增殖相关[19]

3  IGF-1R基因变异与矮身材

动物实验表明,IGF-1R基因纯合子敲除小鼠出生体质量和身长低于野生型一半,出生时死于呼吸衰竭[20]IGF-1R基因杂合子敲除小鼠出生体质量和身长与同窝野生型相似,但出生后生长发育迟缓,提示IGF-1R基因与出生后生长发育有关。

2003年在小于胎龄儿人群中发现第1例IGF-1R基因突变后,目前已有至少有16例IGF-1R基因突变家系报道,绝大多数为杂合子突变[2],只有1例IGF-1R基因纯合子突变同时伴多种先天性畸形[21],大多数为错义突变,见图1。Kansra等[22]对2 500例健康儿童基因筛查发现IGF-1R基因突变与健康人身高变异相关。De Graaff等[23]通过对1 437例患儿10个基因225个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)研究发现,rs496 6035与ISS及IGF-1R相关。Yang等[24]通过对1 381例ISS患者IGF-1R SNP相关性研究提示,rs2684788和rs1976667可能与ISS发病相关。

IGF-1R基因Arg89 stop无义突变[1,25]、Arg138Gln杂合子突变[1]、Ala140fsX20突变[26]、dup19[27]无意义密码子介导的mRNA降解(NMD),导致IGF-1R单倍剂量不足;Val629Glu[28]、Arg739Gln[29]突变后内质网合成异常,导致IGF-1R合成障碍;Arg138Gln突变[1]、Glu121Lys/Glu234Lys复合杂合子突变[30]、Arg511Gln突变[31]后影响配体结合和跨膜信号转导;Glu1050Lys[32]、Gly1155Ala突变[33]后干扰受体内酪氨酸激酶活性。

4  IGF-1R基因突变矮身材临床特点及治疗

IGF-1R基因突变最早在SGA人群中筛查发现,但近年在ISS人群筛查中也发现IGF-1R基因突变,多数存在生长速率异常。IGF-1R基因突变患儿出生体质量范围可以在-1.5至-5.0 SDS之间,大多数患者出生体质量或身长低于-2 SDS。由于IGF信号通路与大脑发育相关[34],部分患者除IGF-1R基因突变症状还伴随轻度精神发育迟缓[29,30]。当IGF-1与IGF-1R完全不能结合时,会导致神经性耳聋和智力明显落后[29],但是当IGF-1杂合子突变时,表现为听力丧失和轻微智力落后[35]。虽然IGF-1R基因与神经退行性病变有关[36],基因突变后可干扰IGF信号转导,但目前尚无携带者家族中老年人神经退行性疾病报道,有待进一步观察。

由于IGF-1R与IR有交互作用,IGF-1R突变也可影响胰岛素代谢,如Arg89X[1]和Glu1050Lys[32]患者有胰岛素耐量受损,Gly1155Ala[33]患者亲戚中6例患有糖尿病。大多数患儿存在小头畸形,但体格检查为匀称性矮小,可伴其他器官轻微畸形,如Arg89X和Gyl1155Ala均有手指弯曲,Arg89X患儿还有漏斗胸和轻微面部畸形,而Glu1050Lys患者有三角脸、小头等轻微畸形。

尽管患者GH基础和激发试验水平正常,血清IGF-1水平正常或升高,胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白-3水平与IGF-1水平一致,但由于IGF-1R基因突变导致靶组织IGF-1抵抗,患儿仍无正常生长发育,大部分患儿存在骨龄延迟。目前已报道IGF-1R基因突变家系不多,使用GH治疗效果尚无大样本及长期观察数据。已观察的5例接受GH治疗患者,Arg138Gln/Lys145Asn、Arg511Gln、Val629Glu突变患者治疗后生长速率无明显加快,也无追赶身高;Dup19虽然有生长速率加快,但无追赶身高;Arg89X突变患者治疗6年后,身高达正常范围(-0.6 SDS)。

5 总结

目前国外在SGA人群和ISS人群中均有IGF-1R基因突变的报道,国内ISS和SGA人群中IGF-1及GH正常但生长发育迟缓患儿并不少见,但国内尚无相关研究。目前对IGF-1R促进生长具体机制尚不清楚,值得进一步探讨研究。

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