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冠心病与认知功能障碍的关系
中华心血管病杂志, 2018,46(1) : 74-77. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.01.014
引用本文: 刘丽, 张铁梅, 张巍. 冠心病与认知功能障碍的关系 [J] . 中华心血管病杂志, 2018, 46(1) : 74-77. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.01.014.
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未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计。

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冠心病和认知功能障碍均是危害人类健康的重大疾病。近年研究发现,冠心病患者认知功能障碍风险增加[1],合并冠心病的认知功能障碍患者认知功能下降更快[2],死亡风险也明显增加[3]。这两个曾经看似无明显相关性的疾病可能具有共同的危险因素或发病机制,但目前临床医生尚未充分认识和重视冠心病是认知功能障碍危险因素的事实。

一、流行病学

认知功能障碍的常见病因为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)和血管性认知功能障碍。认知功能障碍从严重程度可分为轻度认知功能损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和痴呆,MCI根据累及认知域分为遗忘型MCI和非遗忘型MCI。

在≥65岁人群中,痴呆的患病率为5%~8%,每5年患病率就会翻一番;MCI的患病率为15%~18%,每年会有10%~15%的MCI患者进展为痴呆[4]。冠心病患者认知功能障碍患病率较普通人群增高,可达35%~46%[5,6],非遗忘型MCI患病率为23.4%~36.7%[7,8],遗忘型MCI患病率为11.1%[7]。冠心病患者非遗忘型MCI的患病率几乎为无冠心病患者的2倍,特别是女性患者[8]

二、病因和发病机制
(一)冠心病患者认知功能障碍的相关因素
1.心血管疾病危险因素:

研究发现,心血管疾病危险因素如高胆固醇血症、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、吸烟和缺乏运动等也是认知功能障碍的危险因素[9,10]

2.冠状动脉病变程度:

冠状动脉粥样硬化程度与认知功能下降相关,冠状动脉严重狭窄或三支病变患者认知功能受损更明显[11]

3.心绞痛程度:

心绞痛程度重的患者,晚期认知功能下降更为明显[12]

4.心肌梗死病史:

研究显示,有心肌梗死病史患者的痴呆风险是无心肌梗死病史患者的2~5倍[13]。然而,也有研究发现,两者之间并没有明显相关性[14]

5.冠状动脉造影、介入及手术治疗:

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是治疗冠心病的主要手段。早期研究发现,冠状动脉造影[15]、PCI[6]和CABG[16]损害患者的认知功能,但近期研究结果显示冠状动脉造影和PCI并不影响患者的认知功能[17],CABG术后认知功能障碍是个短期过程,并不影响长期的认知功能[18]

6.心理与性格:

冠心病患者伴发心理问题较为多见,研究显示焦虑、抑郁和D型人格均是冠心病患者并发认知功能障碍的危险因素[19]

7.风险基因:

ApoE4是公认的冠心病和认知功能障碍的共同危险基因,研究还发现KIAA1462[20]和内皮素转换酶基因C-338A多态性[21]与冠心病和认知功能障碍的发病相关。

(二)冠心病患者认知功能障碍的发病机制

冠心病导致认知功能障碍的具体机制还不明确,目前有以下假说。

1.脑小血管病:

目前认为冠心病患者认知功能障碍的病理机制可能类似脑小血管病[22]。脑小血管病导致血脑屏障功能紊乱,β淀粉样蛋白沉积明显增加[23]

2.动脉粥样硬化:

严重动脉粥样硬化患者AD风险是无动脉粥样硬化患者的2~3倍,血管性认知功能障碍的风险更高[24]。内皮功能紊乱可能是动脉粥样硬化诱发认知功能障碍的病理机制[25]

3.血小板高度激活:

血小板激活是认知功能障碍严重程度的独立预测因素[26]。冠心病合并认知功能障碍患者血小板呈高度激活状态[27],血小板可通过Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体和P选择素触发脑内血管旁炎症,促进痴呆进展[28]

4.慢性炎症:

研究发现,AD可能是胆固醇-25-羟化酶介导的免疫炎症过程[29]。炎症可能是冠心病与认知功能障碍的共同病理机制[28,29]

三、影像和病理学
(一)影像学发现
1.脑血流的变化:

认知功能正常的冠心病患者上额叶、前扣带回、岛叶、前或后中心回、颞区脑血流量明显下降,上额叶、前扣带回、岛叶、前或后中心回对二氧化碳导致的脑血管反应也明显下降,但这些区域脑灰质容量并没有变化[30]。该研究提示,冠心病患者脑血管可能存在内皮功能紊乱。

2.脑体积的变化:

海马萎缩是记忆功能下降的解剖结构基础,研究发现冠心病患者海马体积较健康对照者减少14% [31]。而且,冠心病患者多个脑区皮质厚度减低、灰质体积减小[32]。冠心病患者左侧额叶、右侧颞叶、左侧颞中回、左侧楔前叶和后扣带回等脑区灰质容量明显下降,这些区域与信息处理速度、记忆、注意、反应速度、情景记忆和执行功能相关[33]。病例对照研究发现,冠心病合并认知功能障碍患者左侧梭状回、左侧三角和左侧颞中回等大脑皮质体积明显减少[34]

3.脑白质变化:

冠心病患者执行功能障碍和处理问题速度下降与脑白质微结构的完整性被破坏相关[35]

4.脑功能连接的变化:

脑磁共振研究显示,在心肌梗死3个月内出现执行功能障碍的患者脑内眶额区功能连接增强,而6个月后功能连接出现减弱[36]。研究提示,冠心病患者认知功能障碍与脑功能连接障碍相关。

(二)病理学发现

1990年,Sparks等[37]通过尸检发现,与年龄匹配的非心脏病人群相比,严重冠状动脉狭窄(>75%)患者的脑中出现β淀粉样沉积的风险显著增高。这是有关冠心病与AD之间存在病理联系的首次报道。随后研究发现,心血管疾病患者脑内神经炎性斑明显增多,并且分布区域与AD患者较为一致[38]。另一项尸检研究发现,冠状动脉病变严重程度与冠心病患者脑内的神经炎性斑和神经原纤维缠结等AD样病理改变相关,尤其是携带有ApoE4基因的冠心病患者[39]

四、临床表现

冠心病患者多个认知领域均可受累,主要是在非记忆功能方面。横断面研究发现,冠心病患者听觉词语学习受损最为明显,其次为执行功能和运动灵活性[40]。病例对照研究发现,冠心病患者学习、记忆和词语流畅性受损[9]。为排除衰老对认知功能的影响,对65岁以下冠心病患者的研究显示,冠心病患者推理能力、词汇学习能力及总体认知功能较对照组明显下降,女性冠心病患者还表现出语音和语义流畅性受损[41]。Selnes等[42]对326例冠心病患者(冠心病组)和69例性别和年龄匹配的健康对照者(对照组)进行为期6年的随访,结果显示冠心病组患者基线时和6年后的认知水平均低于对照组,运动速度、精神运动速度、总体认知功能差异均有统计学意义。相关性分析发现,冠心病与精神运动速度、注意及执行功能损害相关;进一步分析显示,冠心病与非遗忘型MCI相关,而与遗忘型MCI无关[1]。研究结果提示,冠心病并发的认知功能障碍病理机制可能与非遗忘型MCI类似。

五、冠心病患者认知功能障碍的防治

冠心病合并认知功能障碍患者自我疾病管理能力明显下降,死亡风险增加,家庭及社会负担增大。并且,冠心病明显加速了认知功能障碍的自然进程。积极控制危险因素和治疗冠心病及认知功能障碍,预后可能会明显改善。

(一)非药物治疗

心血管疾病危险因素也是认知功能障碍的危险因素,因此生活方式的改变和心理健康等冠心病防治措施应该也可以达到防治认知功能障碍的目的。研究证实,运动可以改善冠心病患者的认知功能[43],进食二十二碳六烯酸对心血管疾病及认知功能均有益[44]

(二)药物治疗
1.抗血小板药物:

荟萃分析显示,小剂量阿司匹林未表现出减轻认知功能衰退的作用[45]。目前尚无氯吡格雷对认知功能作用的报道。

2.β受体阻滞剂:

β受体阻滞剂可能会加重冠心病患者认知功能损害[46]。但是,β受体阻滞剂是冠心病患者重要的二级预防药物,可改善冠心病患者的生存率及预后。β受体阻滞剂对于冠心病患者认知功能的净效应目前尚无研究报道。

3.他汀类药物:

近年来,出现了他汀类药物有认知方面不良反应的报道,主要表现为记忆缺失和认知减退[47,48]。但是各级证据显示,他汀类药物没有导致患者认知功能下降的风险[49]。前瞻性的群组研究(6 830例)也没有观察到他汀类药物在认知方面的不良反应[50]。近期研究显示,他汀类药物联合运动可以改善冠心病患者的认知功能[51]

4.控制心血管疾病危险因素:

治疗心血管疾病危险因素是防治冠心病的重要措施,同时也具有防治认知功能障碍的作用[12,13,52]

5.胆碱酯酶抑制剂:

胆碱酯酶抑制剂是治疗认知功能障碍的重要药物,对冠心病相关认知功能障碍也应该具有治疗作用。研究发现,胆碱酯酶抑制剂能降低心脏性猝死风险[53]。胆碱酯酶抑制剂有减慢心率的副作用,合并使用β受体阻滞剂的患者尤其应注意监测心率的变化。

6.新型药物:

Sirtuin受体激动剂白藜芦醇[52]和血管内皮扩张剂[54]可能对冠心病患者的认知功能有改善作用,是具有研究前景的治疗药物。

(三)介入及手术治疗

评价随访5年的临床研究发现,CABG与药物治疗、CABG与PCI之间对认知功能的影响差异均无统计学意义,PCI组患者的痴呆风险低于药物治疗组[10]。但是,对326例冠心病患者(包括接受CABG患者152例、接受PCI 75例、接受药物治疗99例)和69例健康对照者平均6年的随访研究显示,3种治疗方法对冠心病患者的认知功能均有改善作用,三者疗效差异无统计学意义[42]

(四)基因筛查

研究表明,风险基因检测有望作为冠心病相关认知功能障碍的筛查手段[55]

六、总结

冠心病是认知功能障碍的危险因素,冠心病患者认知功能障碍主要表现为非记忆功能受损,常见执行功能障碍,冠心病相关认知功能障碍的发病机制可能类似于血管性认知功能障碍。积极治疗心血管疾病危险因素及冠心病可能会防止认知功能障碍的发生和发展。新型药物和基因筛查是否会在未来成为认知功能障碍的防治手段,期待后续研究能带来答案。

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