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非酒精性脂肪性肝病与冠心病的相关性
中华心血管病杂志, 2022,50(8) : 835-839. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20220412-00264
摘要

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与心血管疾病有许多共同的致病因素,包括高血压、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、血脂代谢异常、氧化应激、炎症以及脂肪因子谱改变等。近年研究发现,NAFLD促进了动脉粥样硬化的发展,是冠心病的独立危险因素,而心血管疾病尤其是冠心病又是NAFLD患者死亡的主要原因。NAFLD及其严重程度与冠心病发生发展之间的关联机制是一个热点问题。该文对NAFLD与冠心病的相关性进行了论述。

引用本文: 倪婕, 姜菁婕, 王春怡, 等.  非酒精性脂肪性肝病与冠心病的相关性 [J] . 中华心血管病杂志, 2022, 50(8) : 835-839. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20220412-00264.
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冠心病严重威胁着人类健康1,近年来与冠心病相关的各种代谢性疾病的患病率急剧上升,如非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)、高脂血症、2型糖尿病和肥胖症等2。无论是在西方还是在亚洲人群中,NAFLD的患病率均急剧上升,目前已成为全球最常见的慢性肝脏疾病3, 4。NAFLD是一类复杂的多系统疾病,目前尚缺乏公认的治疗方法,其主要由于脂质积聚在肝脏导致肝损伤,如不进行干预,可进展为肝硬化乃至肝癌5, 6。此外,越来越多的证据表明NAFLD还可影响肝外器官和系统,与冠心病、代谢综合征、消化系统肿瘤等密切相关7, 8。尽管NAFLD是一种肝脏疾病,但NAFLD患者的死亡多与心血管疾病有关,尤其是冠心病。Oni等9发现NAFLD与亚临床型动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的各种生物标志物相关。有证据表明 NAFLD 与内皮功能障碍、脉搏波速度增加、冠状动脉钙化和颈动脉内膜中层厚度增加有关,这些都是明确的冠心病的危险因素10, 11。NAFLD与亚临床型AS的关联,独立于传统的危险因素和代谢综合征。但也有研究显示NAFLD本身可能并不会导致心血管疾病风险增加12, 13, 14

冠心病包括稳定性冠心病和急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS),大多数冠心病相关死亡是由ACS和心脏猝死导致的。发生急性冠状动脉事件与暴露于传统心血管疾病危险因素有关15,而这些危险因素被证实可加速NAFLD进展716。NAFLD与冠心病的患病率相关,NAFLD及其严重程度与冠心病发生发展之间的关联机制是目前研究的热点。本文对NAFLD与冠心病的相关性进行了论述。

1.NAFLD与冠心病的相关性:既往有研究评估了NAFLD是否为冠心病的独立危险因素,但结果并不一致。已有多项研究探讨了ACS与NAFLD的相关性,尤其是急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)。Labenz等17对初级保健人群进行的队列研究结果显示,NAFLD是该人群冠心病的独立危险因素。一项针对因ACS住院并接受诊断性冠状动脉造影患者的前瞻性单中心研究显示,NAFLD在ACS患者中很常见,超声检查检测到的NAFLD严重程度与血管造影中冠状动脉阻塞的严重程度密切相关18。有学者从韩国医疗保健数据库中选择基线无心血管疾病、肝病及癌症病史的人群进行随访,发现NAFLD患者AMI发病率升高19。Kim等20的队列研究发现作为NAFLD替代标志物的脂肪肝指数(fatty liver index,FLI)是AMI的独立预测因子。Olubamwo等21的一项前瞻性队列研究也表明AMI与高FLI具有相关性。然而,也有研究显示经CT评估的肝脂肪变性<30%的患者其AMI的发病率并未升高22。在荷兰、西班牙和英国进行的队列研究显示,调整心血管疾病已知危险因素后,并未见NAFLD与AMI独立相关23。可见关于NAFLD与冠心病相关性研究的结果不一致。Ghouri等24认为对NAFLD患者进行心血管疾病风险筛查的证据尚不充足,仅检出NAFLD的患者不足以视为心血管疾病的高危人群。

值得注意的是,不同种族和地域的人群NAFLD与冠心病的关系并不一致。以往的研究显示不同种族和地域的人群NAFLD的患病率、严重程度和预后存在差异,并将其归因于生活方式、环境、胰岛素抵抗、身体成分(脂肪分布和肌肉体积)和遗传学等因素25, 26, 27, 28。尽管与其他种族相比,亚洲人的体重指数和肥胖率较低,但亚洲人的高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患病率并不低29。此外,研究显示与白人相比,黑人的内脏脂肪含量较低,并且黑人患亚临床型AS的风险也较低30, 31, 32。或可从不同的生活方式、饮食习惯、内脏脂肪分布、遗传等因素入手探索NAFLD与AS关系的种族、地域差异。

2.NAFLD与冠心病严重程度的相关性:有研究评估了NAFLD与冠心病严重程度的相关性。NAFLD与不稳定性冠状动脉斑块较高的发生率相关,且独立于传统的心血管危险因素33。有研究发现经超声检查评估的肝脏脂肪变性的严重程度与冠心病血管病变的严重程度(Gensini评分)密切相关1834。此外,Agaç等35的横断面研究显示NAFLD患者SYNTAX评分较高,且NAFLD的超声分级与SYNTAX评分呈正相关。提示在冠心病患者中NAFLD严重程度较高者冠状动脉病变更为严重。

3.NAFLD与冠心病可能的病理生理联系(图1):NAFLD与冠心病在遗传学、胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织功能异常、血脂代谢、氧化应激、炎症和内皮功能障碍等方面存在着错综复杂的关联。研究发现AS是大多数冠心病的病理生理基础36, 37。有学者认为NAFLD和AS是一个疾病的两个方面,他们有着共同的病因,涉及代谢和炎症因素38。并且有证据表明,NAFLD本身尤其是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎,会导致全身/肝脏胰岛素抵抗加重,进而导致血脂异常,同时机体会分泌多类炎症因子,这些因素可能会促进AS及冠心病的发展839。NAFLD会导致动脉壁的氧化应激反应,进而导致内皮功能障碍40

点击查看大图
图1
非酒精性脂肪性肝病与冠心病的病理生理机制关联图
点击查看大图

HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,sd⁃LDL-C:小而密的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,IL-6:白细胞介素-6,IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β,CRP:C反应蛋白,TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α

图1
非酒精性脂肪性肝病与冠心病的病理生理机制关联图

肝脏是脂肪代谢最重要的器官,是甘油三酯代谢的主要场所,肝脏中的脂肪堆积可能与异位脂肪组织有关,包括心肌脂肪和心脏周围的脂肪组织,这是NAFLD与心血管疾病关系的核心41, 42。其中心外膜脂肪堆积与冠状动脉钙化及AMI密切相关43, 44。另外,研究发现心肌异常脂质积聚可能导致细胞凋亡、线粒体功能障碍、心脏肥大和收缩功能障碍45,这一系列变化可能会进一步导致心力衰竭、心律失常等并发症。还有学者指出,在NAFLD患者中,全身炎症综合征将这些细胞转化为激活的脂肪细胞,分泌促炎症因子、激活促纤维化因子,从而促进心室肌纤维化和炎症46, 47, 48。众所周知,代谢紊乱可诱发炎症,同时炎症介质本身可引发代谢变化49。胰岛素抵抗还可以改变全身脂质代谢,从而导致血脂异常和“脂质三联征”——高甘油三酯,低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,小而密的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(sLDL-C)升高。“脂质三联征”及异常胰岛素信号传导诱导内皮功能障碍,促进AS斑块的形成。而降低胰岛素抵抗可能有助于减少冠心病和AS斑块的生成50。由此可见脂质代谢、炎症以及胰岛素抵抗是连接NAFLD与冠心病的重要因素。

此外,多项研究证实NAFLD患者存在凝血功能障碍,患者体内凝血因子Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ和纤维蛋白原水平较高,容易使患者处于高凝状态51。最近有研究证实肠道菌群失调亦是AS、2型糖尿病和NAFLD的促成因素52, 53,在肥胖和2型糖尿病患者中反复观察到肠道菌群失调,而这两种代谢性疾病与NAFLD密切相关。上述研究结果提示NAFLD与冠心病在病理生理机制上存在着某种关联,但二者的关系究竟如何?是否存在着因果关系?目前尚不清楚,需要进一步探索。

总之,目前的研究显示NAFLD可能与冠心病存在相关性,且NAFLD患者肝脏脂肪变性的严重程度与冠心病血管病变的严重程度相关。提示NAFLD患者应进一步筛查冠心病并定期监测。以往的研究提示NAFLD与冠心病之间可能存在病理生理关联,但确切机制尚不明确。我们需要进一步明确NAFLD与冠心病的关系,进一步探索二者之间的病理生理关联。

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思考题(单选题)

1.非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的发生主要与下列哪种因素有关?

A.饮酒

B.病毒感染

C.胰岛素抵抗

D.遗传

2.下列哪种因素更容易导致NAFLD?

A.丙型肝炎病毒感染

B.短期内腹围增加

C.工作压力大

D.乙型肝炎病毒感染

3.脂质三联征不包括?

A.高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低

B.小而密的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高

C.低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高

D.甘油三酯升高

4.常与NAFLD同时存在的代谢性异常因素不包括?

A.糖尿病

B.高脂血症

C.高尿酸血症

D.低蛋白血症

5.下列哪种疾病不是NAFLD患者的常见死亡原因?

A.肝癌

B.肝硬化

C.动脉粥样硬化

D.胰腺炎

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