To assess the burden of disease attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution in 1990 and 2010 in China.

On the basis of the results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2010(GBD 2010) for China's estimates, we used population attributable fractions(PAF) to examine the burden of disease (mortality and disability-adjusted life years(DALY)) attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution in 1990 and 2010 in China, with 95% uncertainty interval(95%UI) estimate, and increasing rate to explore the trends of attributed burden of disease across the study period of 20 years.

In 2010, 38.9% (95%UI: 27.0%- 49.4%) of lower respiratory infections for<5 years children, 27.2% (95%UI: 10.2%- 37.5%) of lung cancer, 29.9% (95%UI: 25.8%- 34.2%) of ischemic heart disease, 35.0% (95%UI: 27.4%- 41.1%) of stroke, and 21.0% (95%UI: 10.7%- 30.3%) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) for ≥25 years adults were attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution, which accounted for 1.235(95%UI: 1.038- 1.410) million deaths and 25.230(95%UI: 21.770- 28.600) million person years DALY in total, and increased by 33.4% and 4.0%, respectively by comparison with that in 1990 (0.926 million and 24.260 million person years). Lung cancer accounted for the largest increasing rate of 154.5% (from 0.055 million to 0.140 million) and 130.1% (from 1.330 million person years to 3.060 million person years), followed by ischemic heart disease (118.5%, from 0.130 million to 0.284 million, and 86.6%, from 3.280 million person years to 6.120 million person years) and stroke (41.0%, from 0.429 million to 0.605 million, and 33.8%, from 8.970 million person years to 12.000 million person years). The attributed mortality for both gender mostly occurred in age group of 60-79 years (male: 0.260 million and 0.404 million accounting for 53.7% and 54.8%; female: 0.214 million and 0.236 million accounting for 48.5% and 47.5%) both in 1990 and 2010. The age group of 40-79 years accounted for the most portion of attributed DALY for both gender (male: 8.458 million person years and 13.460 million person years accounting for 62.9% and 83.8%; female: 6.360 million person years and 7.152 million person years accounting for 58.9% and 78.0%). The increasing rates were higher for male than for female.

The burden of disease attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution was very high in China with significant increase in mortality and disability, which indicates the highly necessity for government to take actions to reduce ambient particulate matter pollution and its health hazards.

Air pollution; Cost of illness; Mortality; Demography