综述
ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸预防心血管疾病的临床研究进展
中国心血管杂志, 2018,23(6) : 510-514. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2018.06.018
摘要

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)具有降血脂、减轻免疫损伤、抑制血栓形成、改善认知功能和抑制肿瘤生长等作用。早年研究表明,增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入可预防心血管疾病,但近年大型随机对照试验和荟萃分析结果未显示ω-3 PUFAs可降低心血管事件。本文就近年ω-3 PUFAs预防心血管疾病的临床研究进展进行综述。

引用本文: 刘雯雯, 刘梅林. ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸预防心血管疾病的临床研究进展 [J] . 中国心血管杂志, 2018, 23(6) : 510-514. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2018.06.018.
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20世纪60年代起,研究显示因纽特人冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)的患病率低,与经常食用深海鱼,摄入较多ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)相关[1]。随后,多项大型随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)结果表明,ω-3 PUFAs可预防心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVD)、减少心血管事件[2,3]。然而,近年部分RCT[4,5]和荟萃分析[6,7,8]显示,ω-3 PUFAs不减少心血管事件。本文聚焦于近年ω-3 PUFAs预防CVD的临床研究进展及欧美对补充ω-3 PUFAs预防CVD的推荐。

1 ω-3 PUFAs的功能和机制

ω-3 PUFAs包括α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)。ALA为植物来源必需脂肪酸,是EPA和DHA的前体;DPA是ALA转化成EPA和DHA的中间产物;EPA和DHA为动物来源PUFAs。ω-3 PUFAs有提高细胞膜流动性、调节膜离子通道、抑制血小板聚集、减轻炎症反应和抗氧化等多种生理作用,影响血脂、血压、心脏舒缩、电生理和动脉顺应性等功能,从而减少CVD的发生和进展[9,10]

1.1 血脂

ω-3 PUFAs有效降低20%~30%的三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)水平,轻度降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,而对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇影响较弱,对总胆固醇无调节作用[6,11]。研究发现,EPA和DHA可通过减少向肝脏运输未酯化脂肪酸,促进脂肪酸β氧化,抑制TG酯化相关酶活性,增加肝脏磷脂合成等机制抑制TG合成[9]。临床研究证实,ω-3 PUFAs与他汀合用可进一步降低TG,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;大剂量ω-3 PUFAs可作为高三酰甘油血症的辅助治疗[12]

1.2 血压

ω-3 PUFAs可降低收缩压,大剂量EPA+DHA(≥2 g/d)可轻度降低舒张压[13,14]。EPA和DHA通过抑制炎症和氧化应激反应的方式改变血管内皮功能,提高动脉顺应性,降低全身血管阻力,进而降低血压[13]。最新研究显示,EPA通过脂肪酸代谢提高细胞膜流动性,增加微血管内皮细胞瞬时感受器电位香草素受体4通道数量,从而降低细胞膜钙离子敏感性,起到降低收缩压的作用[15]

1.3 抗血小板和凝血功能

临床研究发现,增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入可降低血小板聚集率,延长出血时间。EPA是3系前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)前体物质,在脂/环氧化酶作用下生成PG抑制物(prostaglandin inhibitor,PGI3)和血栓素A3(thromboxane A3,TXA3)等活性物质。ω-3 PUFAs与花生四烯酸竞争结合环氧化酶,减少花生四烯酸向2系PG(TXA2)转化。TXA3比TXA2促血小板聚集作用弱,而PGI3与PGI2抗栓作用相当,因此EPA浓度增加使体内2系PG合成减少,3系PG合成增加,导致促-抑血小板聚集平衡偏移,从而发挥抑制血小板聚集和延长出血时间的作用[10,16]

2 ω-3 PUFAs预防CVD的临床研究证据

2002年,大型RCT研究GISSI-Prevenzione[2]证实了ω-3 PUFAs可降低心肌梗死患者的心血管事件。另有文献显示,ω-3 PUFAs对CVD的保护作用优于橄榄油、维生素E、维生素B等食物和营养补充剂[17]。但2010年以来的大型RCT[18,19,20,21]及荟萃分析[6,7,8,22]则未显示ω-3 PUFAs减少心血管事件。

2.1 心血管事件预防

GISSI-Prevenzione研究[2]将入选的11 323例3个月内发生心肌梗死的患者随机分为ω-3 PUFAs干预组(1 g/d)和无干预组,随访3.5年。结果显示,ω-3 PUFAs干预组的死亡率较无干预组显著降低(3个月后,HR:0.59,95%CI:0.36~0.97;3.5年后,HR:0.79,95%CI:0.66~0.93);ω-3 PUFAs干预组的心源性猝死率较无干预组显著降低(4个月后,HR:0.47,95%CI:0.22~0.99;3.5年后,HR:0.55,95%CI:0.39~0.77)。JELIS研究[3]入选18 645例总胆固醇≥6.5 mmol/L(251 mg/dl)的患者,试验组给予EPA 1.8 g/d和他汀类药物,对照组单用他汀类药物。随访5年后,试验组的主要心血管事件(包括心源性猝死、致死和非致死性心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛和冠状动脉血运重建)发生率显著低于对照组(HR:0.81,95%CI:0.69~0.95)。PREDIMED研究[23]是一项随机营养调查,入选具有CVD危险因素(糖尿病、吸烟、高血压、血脂异常、超重和早发CHD家族史)的7 202例患者,通过食物频度调查问卷估算ω-3 PUFAs日均摄入量,分为ω-3 PUFAs摄入量≥500 mg/d和摄入量<500 mg/d组,平均随访5.9年,ω-3 PUFAs摄入量≥500 mg/d组的CVD死亡率(HR:0.61,95%CI:0.39~0.96)及CHD死亡率(HR:0.54,95%CI:0.29~0.99)均低于摄入量<500 mg/d组,但两组间全因死亡、心源性猝死和卒中的发生率无显著差异(均为P>0.05)。

OMEGA研究[18]入选3 804例2周内发生心肌梗死的患者,试验组给予ω-3 PUFAs 1 g/d,对照组给予橄榄油1 g/d,随访1年,试验组心源性猝死率(HR:0.95,95%CI:0.56~1.60)及全因死亡、再发心肌梗死、卒中和冠状动脉血运重建的总发生率(HR:1.25,95%CI:0.90~1.72)与对照组比较无显著差异。Alpha Omega研究[19]入选60~80岁10年内有心肌梗死病史的患者4 837例,分别比较400 mg/d EPA+DHA与安慰剂治疗,以及2 g/d ALA与安慰剂治疗对心肌梗死患者心血管事件的影响。平均随访40.8个月后,试验组和对照组心肌梗死和冠状动脉血运重建发生率无显著差异(HR:1.01,95%CI:0.87~1.17)。Supplémentation en Folates et Omega-3研究[20]入选2 501例有心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛或缺血性卒中病史的患者,分别比较600 mg/d EPA+DHA与安慰剂治疗,以及ω-3 PUFAs+维生素B(3 mg/d维生素B6或20 μg/d维生素B12)与单用维生素B治疗对主要心血管事件的预防作用。平均随访4.7年,试验组和对照组的CVD死亡、心肌梗死和卒中发生率无显著差异(HR:1.08,95%CI:0.79~1.47)。Rizos等[6]的荟萃分析纳入了20个RCT研究,入选68 680例有CVD危险因素或确诊CHD的患者,随访1~6.2年,结果显示ω-3 PUFAs干预组与安慰剂组的死亡、猝死和心肌梗死发生率均无显著差异(均为P>0.05)。Risk and Prevention研究[5]入选12 513例有CVD危险因素或确诊CHD但无心肌梗死病史的患者,平均随访5年,850 mg/d EPA+DHA干预组与安慰剂组的CVD死亡和CVD住院率无显著差异(HR:0.98,95%CI:0.88~1.08)。AREDS2研究[24]纳入的4 203例患者,19.2%合并稳定CVD,与安慰剂相比,650 mg/d EDP+DHA不减少心肌梗死、卒中、CVD死亡、不稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉血运重建和心力衰竭的发生(HR:0.95,95%CI:0.78~1.17)。Cochrane最新荟萃分析纳入了79个评价增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入对全因死亡、CVD事件、肥胖和血脂影响的RCT研究,入选112 059例具有不同程度心血管风险的受试者,随访时间12~72个月。结果表明,增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入不影响全因死亡(RR:0.98,95%CI:0.90~1.03)、心血管死亡(RR:0.95,95%CI:0.87~1.03)、CVD事件(RR:0.99,95%CI:0.94~1.04)和CHD死亡(RR:0.93,95%CI:0.79~1.09);但能减少CHD事件(RR:0.93,95%CI:0.88~0.97)[22]

2.2 糖尿病心血管事件预防

ORIGIN研究[4]入选12 536例空腹血糖受损、糖耐量异常或确诊糖尿病的患者。其中6 281例试验组服用1 g/d ω-3 PUFAs,6 255例对照组服用1 g/d橄榄油,平均随访6.2年,试验组和对照组的CVD死亡率无显著差异(HR:0.98,95%CI:0.87~1.10),研究未显示ω-3 PUFAs减少糖尿病心血管事件。最新ASCEND研究入选了15 480例年龄≥40岁确诊糖尿病(不限类型)但无心血管疾病证据的患者,排除有明确ω-3 PUFAs适应证或禁忌证的患者,随机分为1 g/d ω-3 PUFAs组和1 g/d安慰剂(橄榄油)组,平均随访7.4年。ω-3 PUFAs组和安慰剂组的严重CVD事件(非致死性心肌梗死或卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或血管性死亡,除外明确的颅内出血)发生率差异无统计学意义(8.9%比9.2%,RR:0.97,95%CI:0.87~1.08)。ω-3 PUFAs组和安慰剂组严重CVD事件或血运重建的发生率(RR:1.00,95%CI:0.91~1.09)及两组全因死亡率(RR:0.95,95%CI:0.86~1.05)均无统计学意义。研究表明,ω-3 PUFAs用于糖尿病患者心血管疾病一级预防不能减少CVD事件[21]

2.3 卒中预防

Rizos等[6]的荟萃分析中9个RCT研究将卒中作为复合终点,结果显示ω-3 PUFAs不能减少CVD患者发生卒中(HR:1.05,95%CI:0.93~1.18)。Cochrane最新荟萃分析中,有28个RCT统计了卒中的发生,结果显示增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入不影响卒中的发生(RR:1.06,95%CI:0.96~1.16)[22]。临床研究较少纳入已发生卒中的患者,目前缺乏ω-3 PUFAs用于卒中二级预防的研究证据。

2.4 心力衰竭预防

GISS-HF研究[25]入选6 975例心力衰竭患者(纽约心功能分级Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,91%的患者左室射血分数<40%),3 494例给予1 g/d ω-3 PUFAs,3 481例给予1 g/d安慰剂,平均随访3.9年,ω-3 PUFAs组全因死亡率(HR:0.91,95%CI:0.83~0.99)、CVD死亡和CVD住院率(HR:0.92,95%CI:0.85~0.99)均低于安慰剂组,提示ω-3 PUFAs可降低心力衰竭患者的CVD相关住院及死亡率。

2.5 心房颤动预防

多项RCT研究显示,ω-3 PUFAs不能预防心房颤动(简称房颤)复发和术后房颤发作。Kowey等[26]的RCT研究入选663例有症状的房颤患者(均转复窦率),试验组给予负荷量8 g/d ω-3 PUFAs 1周,后转为4 g/d维持24个月,对照组给予等剂量的玉米油。随访半年,阵发性房颤、持续性房颤和总人群中试验组与对照组的症状性房颤再发率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。FORWARD研究[27]入选586例阵发性房颤患者,试验组给予1 g/d ω-3 PUFAs,对照组给予1 g/d橄榄油,随访1年,试验组与对照组症状性房颤的再发率无显著差异(HR:1.28,95%CI:0.90~1.83)。Mariani等[7]的荟萃分析未显示房颤或接受心脏手术的患者补充ω-3 PUFAs能预防再发房颤和术后房颤发作。OPERA研究[28]从美国、意大利和阿根廷入选1 516例计划接受心脏手术的窦性心律患者,试验组758例术前3~5 d服用8~10 g/d负荷剂量ω-3 PUFAs,术后服用2 g/d维持到出院或术后10 d;对照组给予等剂量橄榄油。随访30 d,试验组与对照组术后房颤的发生率无显著差异(HR:0.96,95%CI:0.77~1.20)。Mozaffarian等[8]的荟萃分析显示,与安慰剂相比,ω-3 PUFAs不能预防术后房颤的发生(HR:0.92,95%CI:0.78~1.10)。Cochrane最新荟萃分析中,有28个RCT统计了心律失常(心房颤动、室性心动过速和心室颤动)的发生,结果显示增加ω-3 PUFAs摄入不影响心律失常的发生(RR:0.97,95%CI:0.90~1.05)[22]

3 补充ω-3 PUFAs预防CVD的指南推荐

2017年,美国心脏病协会(American Heart Association,AHA)的CVD预防科学建议(science advisory),推荐ω-3 PUFAs用于CHD二级预防(Ⅱa,A)及心力衰竭二级预防(Ⅱa,B),不推荐常规补充ω-3 PUFAs预防糖尿病、糖尿病前期及其他CVD高危因素、卒中和心房颤动[29]。2017年,AHA的CVD预防主席公告(presidential advisory),推荐使用植物来源的多不饱和脂肪酸(主要是ω-6 PUFAs)替代奶制品和肉类来源的饱和脂肪酸;多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-6和ω-3 PUFAs)替代饱和脂肪酸可降低TG和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,降低CVD和全因死亡率[30]。2015—2020美国膳食指南(Dietary Guidelines for Americans,DGA)推荐每周食用8盎司(226.8 g)鱼,至少摄入0.25 g/d EPA+DHA[31]。2018年,AHA的CVD预防科学建议推荐,一周食用1~2次海鲜预防充血性心力衰竭、CHD、缺血性卒中和心源性猝死,建议用海鲜替代不健康食物[32]

2016年,欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)的CVD预防指南,推荐每周食用1~2次鱼(至少1次肥鱼,如沙丁鱼、金枪鱼和剑鱼等),通过多不饱和脂肪酸替代治疗使饱和脂肪酸的摄入量<总摄入能量的10%(Ⅰ,B)[33]。2017英国国家卫生与保健优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,NICE)的CVD预防指南,不推荐单独使用ω-3 PUFAs或与他汀合用预防CVD(Ⅲ,A)[34]

4 小结

近年ω-3 PUFAs干预CVD的大型临床研究相对较少,几项评估ω-3 PUFAs对动脉硬化和CVD临床获益的小规模临床试验结果表明,置入颈动脉支架的患者在标准他汀治疗的基础上补充ω-3 PUFAs(EPA 1.86 g/d+DHA 750 mg/d)可改善颈动脉慢血流现象,抑制支架再狭窄[35];急性冠状动脉综合征患者在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后24 h内,在匹伐他汀(2 mg/d)基础上加用EPA(1.8 g/d)可减少术后1年内新发心血管事件(心源性死亡、非致命性卒中、心肌梗死和血运重建)[36];动脉粥样硬化和糖尿病患者补充ω-3 PUFAs后血清EPA和DHA水平升高,但血小板聚集和出凝血功能无显著变化[37]。近年评估ω-3 PUFAs对认知功能[38]和婴幼儿生长发育影响[39,40,41]的大型RCT研究增多,但均未发现ω-3 PUFAs干预后有显著临床获益。

综上,2002年的GISSI-Prevenzione研究[2]是证明ω-3 PUFAs对CVD患者具有保护作用的重要依据,但2010后多项大型RCT研究未显示ω-3 PUFAs可减少心血管事件。近年RCT研究与既往结论不一致的原因可能与随访期较短、受试者依从性较差、ω-3 PUFAs剂量不足、合并用药及代谢等差异干扰了对ω-3 PUFAs的疗效评估有关[42,43]。随着CVD二级预防的优化,与他汀相比,ω-3 PUFAs对心血管事件的预防作用已不如既往突出[44]。最新Cochrane荟萃分析认为既往表明EPA和DHA干预后有显著临床获益的研究质量相对较低[22]。尽管研究结果不一致,AHA推荐ω-3 PUFAs用于心力衰竭(Ⅱa,B)及CHD患者二级预防(Ⅱa,A)[29,32]。由于不同个体的ω-3 PUFAs基线水平存在差异[45],ω-3 PUFAs的补充剂量有待进一步研究。

目前,尚无中国人群使用ω-3 PUFAs干预CVD的大规模研究证据,后续应利用更简便精确的检测技术[46],探索中国人群的ω-3 PUFAs水平以及防治CVD的临床价值和作用机制。

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