综述
非肥厚型心肌病引起的二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动
中国心血管杂志, 2019,24(3) : 289-292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2019.03.021
摘要

二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动(SAM)是心脏收缩期间二尖瓣前叶向室间隔的运动,SAM可导致严重的二尖瓣反流和左心室流出道梗阻。SAM多见于肥厚型心肌病,同时还可发生于二尖瓣修复术后、急性心肌梗死、Takotsubo综合征、主动脉瓣置换术后等情况。理解SAM的发生条件和产生机制对早期识别和治疗至关重要。

引用本文: 黎力梦, 崔彬. 非肥厚型心肌病引起的二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动 [J] . 中国心血管杂志, 2019, 24(3) : 289-292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2019.03.021.
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二尖瓣的收缩期前向运动(systolic anterior motion,SAM)是心脏收缩期二尖瓣前叶向左心室流出道(left ventricular outflow tract,LVOT)的位移,可导致LVOT梗阻和(或)二尖瓣反流(mitral regurgitation,MR),并可进一步形成严重的血流动力学障碍。SAM多见于肥厚型心肌病[1],同时可见于二尖瓣修复术后、急性心肌梗死、Takotsubo综合征(Takotsubo syndrome,TTS)、主动脉瓣置换术后等情况。据东京女子医科大学附属医院基于9 180人的超声心动图的研究显示,非肥厚型心肌病(non-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,non-HCM)引起的SAM患病率为0.3%,占所有SAM患者的32%[2]。大部分情况下,SAM并不伴有相应的临床症状或仅有轻度劳力性呼吸困难;只在少数情况下,重度的LVOT梗阻和(或)MR引起急性心力衰竭,危及生命。由于SAM血流动力学的特殊性,治疗策略上与原发病有所不同,因此理解SAM的病因和形成条件,尽早识别并干预,对治疗至关重要。

1 SAM的形成机制

SAM的形成机制尚不明确,目前认为是一种多因素综合形成的病理生理学过程。以往将SAM形成的机制解释为文丘里效应(Venturi effect):左心室流出道狭窄,血流速度加快,形成相对负压吸引二尖瓣前叶及腱索向室间隔运动[3]。而文丘里效应形成需要较快的血流速度,单一的文丘里效应无法解释SAM形成起始阶段血流速度较低的情形。近年来,Hymel等[4]提出拖拽力(drag force)可能是SAM形成的主要机制:由于二尖瓣-主动脉夹角过小,二尖瓣瓣叶的松弛部分在高速血流冲击下,被推入到LVOT。Ro等[5]使用超声下血流向量显像技术,通过描述出SAM形成初期分布于心室各处的血流方向,直观揭示了心脏收缩早期(特别是等容收缩期)血流涡旋正压推动力而非LVOT的负压吸引是SAM的起始因素。在此基础上,Levine等[6]提出术语"预定位"(prepositioning):在起始阶段,二尖瓣前叶尖端向LVOT翘起为SAM形成的始动因素;在进展阶段,左心室喷射的血流将松弛的二尖瓣前叶进一步推向LVOT,最终导致二尖瓣前后叶接合点向室间隔的移位,接合点的小位移最终通过一系列正反馈形成SAM。研究表明,SAM发生与多种危险因素相关,包括主动脉下室间隔膨出[7]、室间隔成角(左心室长轴和主动脉长轴角>60°)[7]、二尖瓣瓣叶过长[8]、二尖瓣乳头肌前移[8]、二尖瓣前后瓣膜接合点与室间隔距离变短[9]、二尖瓣前后叶长度比值偏大[9]、左心室较小且动力性较高[10]以及二尖瓣成型术中使用较小的人工瓣环[11]等。在各种危险因素的基础上,Manabe等[12]提出,接合点与室间隔之间的距离、超出接合点的二尖瓣前叶长度(残留小叶长度)及LVOT的血流速度三者在SAM的形成中起重要作用,其中接合点的位置更为关键,各种危险因素通过对这三者的影响,最终介导SAM形成。

2 二尖瓣修复术后SAM

SAM是二尖瓣修复术后常见的并发症之一。近十年来,各中心报道的二尖瓣修复术后SAM发生率波动在4%~10%[13,14,15,16,17]。其严重程度不一,轻者为一过性、可逆的,无需临床干预;严重时可导致严重的LVOT梗阻和MR,并可导致患者猝死。SAM通常在二尖瓣修复术后立即发生,可在体外循环结束时通过经食道超声心动图检测到,罕有晚期才出现的报道[18]。其术前危险因素包括较小的左心室、较高的后叶、接合点与室间隔距离变短,而主动脉–二尖瓣夹角狭窄(<120°)合并室间隔基底部增大(≥15 mm)将更显著增加SAM的风险[16];与手术相关的危险因素则包括使用较小的二尖瓣瓣环、二尖瓣后叶较高(>15 mm)[18]。超声心动图对SAM具有重要的诊断作用。目前多主张采用综合的治疗策略:术前利用超声心动图对相关径线的测量可有效预测SAM发生的风险[13];根据术前高危因素,术中采用相应的手术方式进行干预矫正,如切除冗长的瓣膜、缩短后叶长度[16]、使用不完整瓣环(incomplete annuloplasty)[16]、预防性室间隔肌切除术[7]、边对边缝合技术[19]能有效预防SAM的发生;对于术后SAM的患者首选药物治疗,对于大部分患者,单纯β受体阻滞剂或联用丙吡胺治疗能显著改善甚至消除LVOT压力阶差和MR,再次手术为少部分患者的最后选择[20];再次手术治疗策略与初次手术相同,即矫正引起SAM的解剖学原因或危险因素,最终需要二尖瓣置换的较少见[18]。近年来一些新的导管技术,如经导管主动脉入路二尖瓣前叶切除术[21]、经心尖人工腱索(NeoChord)植入术[22,23]为治疗开辟了新思路。

3 心肌梗死引起的SAM

急性心肌梗死并发SAM相对少见,其发生率尚不明确,但近年来急性心肌缺血[24]、急性心肌梗死[25,26]并发SAM和LVOT梗阻有大量的个案报道。其发生机制可能是在急性心肌梗死后左心室壁非梗死区过度代偿的收缩运动使LVOT收缩期相对狭窄,形成文丘里效应,进而诱发SAM[24],或与心脏本身具有SAM独立危险因素相关(如室间隔不对称肥大、左心室较小、二尖瓣形态学异常等)[25]。其临床特点为心原性休克和新的心脏杂音,超声心动图示SAM和LVOT显著的压力梯度改变。急性前壁心肌梗死期间出现的SAM和LVOT梗阻是一种严重的致命性的并发症[27],SAM的早期识别和干预对这类患者的临床转归有重要意义。因为在心肌梗死后心原性休克患者中,常规治疗(正性肌力药物、血管扩张剂)、主动脉球囊反搏术通常会加重SAM及LVOT梗阻的程度,而β受体阻滞剂、扩张血容量、结合外周血管收缩药物增加后负荷,可显著缓解患者症状。

4 TTS引起的SAM

TTS可表现为急性胸痛、呼吸困难,与急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)相似,并有心肌酶升高、心电图ST段抬高、左心室壁运动障碍、左心功能不全等表现[28]。其机制可能是循环系统内过量分泌的儿茶酚胺,通过:(1)儿奈酚胺受体效应和毒性;(2)继发冠状动脉微循环痉挛;(3)增加心脏后负荷从而对心肌产生损伤[29]。TTS与ACS有时难以鉴别,一般认为TTS可由一定的情绪事件诱发且冠状动脉造影无明显狭窄[29],而最新的国际专家共识[30]将严重冠状动脉狭窄从TTS排除标准中去除,强调ACS与TTS可以合并存在[30]。近年来,有单中心研究表明,约20%的TTS合并SAM,年龄较大、室间隔肥厚等是可能引起SAM的高危因素[31],其形成机制可能与ACS相似。虽然TTS病理生理学改变通常是一过性的,但这种可逆性综合征有时可表现出严重的LVOT梗阻和心原性休克,甚至猝死。SAM可以解释部分TTS患者心力衰竭恶化或心原性休克发生的原因。对于这些患者,超声心动图的早期识别并采取针对SAM的治疗对于预后至关重要。

5 主动脉瓣置换术后SAM

近年来主动脉瓣置换术后SAM的个案有所报道[32,33]。其机制可能由于长期的主动脉瓣狭窄导致左心室向心性肥大,成为SAM形成的高危因素;加上主动脉瓣置换术后左心室后负荷急性缓解,LVOT血流加快,形成文丘里效应引起SAM,继而出现MR和LVOT梗阻[33,34,35]。一些研究建议,在主动脉瓣置换术同时进行室间隔肌切除术,特别是主动脉瓣狭窄伴有不对称室间隔肥厚的患者,可有效预防LVOT梗阻及左心室梗阻[36,37]

6 同种异体移植术后SAM

近年来有肺移植[38,39]和肝移植[40]中进行了同种异体移植再灌注后发生SAM的案例。其形成的原因尚不明确,可能与异体移植物中冷、高钾和酸性物质[40],炎症细胞因子和自由基等血管活性物质,血容量不足及术中使用大量的儿茶酚胺相关。在肝移植和肺移植术中,患者常常因各种原因出现顽固性低血压,这也是麻醉医生面临的十分棘手的问题,近年来的案例表明,SAM与LVOT梗阻可以是同种异体移植术中低血压的罕见原因[39],而过量的去甲肾上腺素、正性肌力药物反而会加重SAM和LVOT梗阻的程度,β受体阻滞剂的应用往往有效,因此在术中经食道超声心动图快速识别和有效治疗具有重要意义[39]

7 其他情况下引起的SAM

近年来由于新的介入技术的出现,经导管二尖瓣修复术[41]和经导管主动脉瓣植入术[42]后并发SAM和LVOT梗阻的个案也有报道。Levi等[41]提出,在经导管二尖瓣修复术中,MitraClip装置突出到LVOT及左心室充盈不足是发生SAM和LVOT梗阻的一个原因。Tsuruta等[43]在单中心158例经导管主动脉瓣植入术中期随访中发现,仅有1例出现了SAM和LVOT梗阻,而左心室中部梗阻(midventricular obstruction)更为常见(12.7%)。在SAM概念发展的过程中,早年还有高血压[44]、糖尿病[45]、多巴酚丁胺负荷的超声试验[46]引起SAM的案例报道。这些案例各自具有其临床意义,其产生机制可能各不相同,但SAM治疗策略上是一致的,β受体阻滞剂是首选治疗,也往往具有较好的疗效。

8 小结

从1969年Shah等提出SAM的概念至今已近半个世纪,随着人们对SAM机制的不断阐明,认识到其是一种广谱的病理生理学改变,发生群体可从健康人到具有任何高危因素的人群,严重程度可从一过性的超声心动图下形态学改变到心原性休克。SAM的治疗管理体系也越来越规范,特别是在外科技术领域有了很大进展,不断涌现新的二尖瓣修复外科技术使其修复更简化、易于掌握但并不降低安全性和有效性[47]。因此,基于SAM的形成机制,更加准确地定义和鉴别SAM,减少漏诊和误诊,并形成规范化的治疗和管理指南具有重要意义。

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