综述
潜伏膜蛋白1在血液肿瘤中的作用及其机制研究进展
白血病·淋巴瘤, 2019,28(7) : 441-444. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-9921.2019.07.015
摘要

潜伏膜蛋白1作为人类疱疹病毒4型编码的产物,与各种肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,但与血液肿瘤相关报道较少见。文章重点就潜伏膜蛋白1与血液肿瘤的相关性及治疗进展作一综述。

引用本文: 刘飞飞, 沈建箴. 潜伏膜蛋白1在血液肿瘤中的作用及其机制研究进展 [J] . 白血病·淋巴瘤, 2019, 28(7) : 441-444. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-9921.2019.07.015.
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人类疱疹病毒4型属于γ疱疹病毒亚科,是仅有的能引起人类感染的淋巴滤泡病毒,与各种肿瘤尤其是各类B淋巴细胞瘤有关[1]。EB病毒(EBV)在体外能感染和永生化正常静止的B细胞,使其成为永生化的淋巴细胞系(LCL),LCL表达多种与细胞内病毒隐形感染有关的病毒蛋白,包括潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)[2]。LMP1被认为是EBV唯一的致癌基因,可导致B淋巴细胞增殖和生长[3,4]

1 LMP1分子结构和生物学功能

LMP1是肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员,分成三个功能域,包含6个跨膜疏水性结构域、1个短的无明显信号肽特点的N端和1个长的与信号肽转导相关的C端,其中结构域介导LMP1的低聚合,是行使LMP1功能的前提条件,C端活化区域(CTAR)被认为是引导LMP1信号通路作为主要的信号传动器如通过肿瘤坏死因子受体、NF-κB、JAK-STAT通路参与启动和维持与EBV相关有潜在的恶性肿瘤[5,6,7]。LMP1生物学功能体现在众多方面,包括诱发人角质细胞致瘤、抑制上皮细胞分化、参与B淋巴细胞的永生化等[8]

2 EBV-LMP1的致瘤机制

EBV能够引起各种肿瘤,如非血液系统中的鼻咽癌和血液系统中B细胞淋巴瘤。LMP1致瘤效应主要通过上调抗细胞凋亡蛋白和生长信号来实现[9]

2.1 B细胞活化受体CD40

B细胞在免疫系统中具有重要作用,包括抗体的产生和对特定抗原产生应答的记忆性B细胞,而B细胞活化受体CD40是介导这些重要B细胞功能的关键跨膜蛋白[10]。LMP1可充当CD40信号对B细胞功能的模拟物,但却缺乏抑制CD40信号转导的关键调节控制,因此可以允许LMP1以异常的形式激活B细胞[11]

2.2 NF-κB通路

LMP1介导的经典NF-κB通路激活可以重塑宿主细胞转录程序,这对于LCL生存是关键的[12,13]。CTAR1可激活经典和非经典NF-κB通路[14]。LMP1信号位点-转化效应位点2(TEST2)参与TRADD途径活化经典NF-κB,能有效促进细胞生长[7,8]

外泌体作为一种可运输生物活性物质的细胞外囊泡,具有抗肿瘤免疫及促进血管新生等生理功能[15,16]。Kobayashi等[17]研究发现泛素C末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)法尼基化可以促进LMP1与外泌体分离,从而促进癌细胞的发生、发展。研究表明LMP1通过激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素(mTOR)靶蛋白途径从而抑制宿主细胞自噬和促进细胞生长和繁殖,CD63可以将LMP1有效包装入外泌体,Hurwitz等[18]证明了当敲低宿主细胞蛋白CD63时,mTOR激活的增加和LMP1水平高情况下血清依赖性自噬泡发生相一致。同时研究表明当CD63敲低后可观察到非经典NF-κB激活增加[19]

3 EBV-LMP1和淋巴瘤疾病
3.1 结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(ENKTL)

ENKTL属于非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),由EBV感染引起。Mao等[20]研究表明LMP1在ENKTL组织中含量偏高,且患者大多预后不良。同时Sun等[21]在研究ENKTL时,发现LMP1可以通过NF-κB和PI3K-Akt信号通路而抑制细胞凋亡。最新研究证明LMP1-IgG还可以通过抑制JAK3-STAT3通路从而控制细胞增殖、促进凋亡、启动ADCC和CDC从而阻止ENKTL生长[22]

3.2 霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)

在EBV阳性的HL中,LMP1通过激活CD40受体从而使NF-κB激活[23]。平凌燕等[24]研究证明在HL患者中,LMP1阳性患者的总生存期较短。Chang等[25]在研究HL跟患者年龄和预后不良的关系中,发现EBV感染的60岁以上患者和预后差的HL患者释放的细胞因子更多,同样证明EBV感染的HL生存率较低。

3.3 移植后淋巴组织增殖性疾病(PTLD)

PTLD是造血干细胞移植或实体器官移植后因免疫缺陷发生的淋巴细胞异常增殖性疾病[26]。研究表明[27,28],PTLD的发生与移植后集体缺乏EBV特异性细胞免疫有关。LMP1在PTLD衍生的EBV感染B细胞系中激活STAT-JAK3通路[29]。Ready等[30]对37例(1.7%)发展为PTLD的肾移植患者中,发现有6例存在EBV感染。Cheung等[31]对23例(1.9%)PTLD的肾移植患者中,发现6例早期PTLD存在EBV感染。

4 LMP1相关疾病的治疗
4.1 单克隆抗体及免疫治疗

Lin等[32]通过对小鼠接种LMP1/pcDNA3.1疫苗证明其疫苗可抑制肿瘤在体内的发生、发展,同时可提高体内的特异性细胞毒性T细胞的活性。EBV主要病毒体表糖蛋白(GP)350是天然中和抗体的主要靶标,并且被认为在有风险的移植受体中预防急性感染和PTLD的最佳靶标,通过构建人源化的鼠抗-gp350中和单克隆抗体72a1,可阻断B细胞的EBV感染[33]。新兴免疫疗法嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T细胞),CAR-T细胞可以在体内增殖疾病,具有持续细胞毒性,在淋巴瘤的治疗上具有显著意义[34]。研究证明特异性靶向CD19分子的CAR-T(CD19-CAR-T)细胞能有效地靶向治疗B细胞恶性肿瘤[35,36]

4.2 程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)和程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)

PD-L1和PD-1是重要的免疫监测分子,Fang等[37]发现LMP1和IFN-γ通路协同调节PD-L1,而Bi等[38]研究证明在ENKTL中LMP1通过MAPK/NF-κB信号上调PD-L1的表达,研究也说明PD-L1在早期的ENKTL中具有诊疗价值。Ansell等[39]研究表明在未选择的23例复发难治性HL中,采用PD-1阻断剂nivolumab可以达到87%的总反应率,完全缓解4例。Ma等[40]针对EBV感染的小鼠采用PD-1/CTLA-4组合抑制剂可以显著增加EBV特异性T细胞应答和减少由裂解性EBV毒株(M81)诱导的淋巴瘤的大小。

4.3 细胞溶解病毒活化(CLVA)治疗

CLVA治疗采用丙戊酸与吉西他滨联合可以刺激EBV再激活,并使用更昔洛韦来增强细胞死亡并防止病毒产生[41]。但为了最大化的CLVA,引入了姜黄素,姜黄素具有抗肿瘤特性。研究证明姜黄素作为单一药物在重组EBV感染的胃癌和鼻咽癌中可以显著诱导EBV再激活,因此可以作为CLVA治疗中的佐剂[42]

5 结语

LMP1作为EBV编码的产物,目前被认为是EBV唯一的致癌基因。其可通过各种调控机制而促进肿瘤的发生与发展。因此,如何有效的阐述其发生机制以及在LMP1水平上治疗EBV引起的疾病等是未来的研究重点。

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