Sleep quality and sleep disturbances in Chinese pregnant women: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Zhang Chujun, Su Yijia, Chen Yan, Wang Zhijie, Hu Sanlian, Xu Huajun, Liu Yupu, Li Xinyi, Zhu Huaming, Yi Hongliang, Guan Jian, Teng Yincheng, Yin Shankai
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the sleep quality of pregnant women in Xuhui District, Shanghai, and the related factors of sleep disturbances during pregnancy.
MethodsFrom February 2019 to February 2021, we used online integrated sleep questionnaire (including PSQI, BQ, ESS, AIS) in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospitals of China Welfare Institution, and Shanghai Eighth People′s Hospital, to investigate the sleep quality across pregnancy. We also collected maternal physical examination results, childbearing history, sociodemographic, and other clinical data. The prevalences and related factors of various sleep disturbances in pregnant women were analyzed, including insufficient/excessive nighttime sleep, low sleep efficiency, difficulty falling asleep, poor sleep quality, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and high risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).
ResultsThis study includes 1 898 cases in the first trimester (T1), 3 099 cases in the second trimester (T2), and 1 539 cases in the third trimester (T3). Poor sleep quality (38.6%), daytime sleepiness (mild 41.9%, moderate 17.7%, severe 2.1%), and suspicious insomnia (32.3%) are most prevalent among women in T1 (P<0.01). In comparison, short sleep time (2.7%), long sleep time (8.6%), difficulty falling asleep (12.2%), poor sleep efficiency (35.4%), very poor sleep quality (6.7%), clinical insomnia (21.8%), and high-risk SDB (6.4%) are most prevalent among women in T3 (P<0.05). During pregnancy, late gestation (OR=1.016, 95%CI: 1.006-1.025) and multiple induced/drug abortions (OR=1.329, 95%CI: 1.043-1.692) are risk factors for poor sleep quality (PSQI>5), while multiple full-term deliveries (OR=0.800, 95%CI: 0.675-0.949) is its protective factor. Advanced maternal age (OR=0.976, 95%CI: 0.956-0.997), multiple full-term deliveries (OR=0.808, 95%CI: 0.680-0.959), late gestation (OR=0.983, 95%CI: 0.974-0.992) and hypertension (OR=0.572, 95%CI: 0.401-0.814) are protective factors for daytime sleepiness (ESS>6). The high-risk pregnancy category (OR=9.312, 95%CI: 1.156-74.978) is a risk factor for insomnia (AIS≥4), while multiple full-term deliveries (OR=0.815, 95%CI: 0.691-0.961) is its protective factor. High BMI (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.270-1.402) and hypertension (OR=4.427, 95%CI: 2.539-7.719) are risk factors for high-risk SDB in pregnant women.
ConclusionsThe prevalences of various sleep disturbances are high throughout pregnancy. Noticeably, symptoms of maternal SDB develop along with pregnancy. Different types of sleep disturbances are associated with different factors. Women of high-risk pregnancy category, in late gestation, with high BMI, hypertension, a history of induced/drug abortion, or without a history of full-term delivery can be at high risk of sleep disturbances during pregnancy.
Key words:
Pregnancy; Multicenter study; Sleep quality; Sleep disturbances
Contributor Information
Zhang Chujun
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Su Yijia
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Department of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Chen Yan
Department of Obstetrics, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospitals of China Welfare Institution, Shanghai 200233, China
Wang Zhijie
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Eighth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Hu Sanlian
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Department of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Xu Huajun
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Liu Yupu
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Li Xinyi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Zhu Huaming
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Yi Hongliang
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Guan Jian
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Teng Yincheng
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Yin Shankai
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China