Oral microbiome consists of diverse bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan populations, with whose stability, functionality, and assembly process are regulated by complex interactions between the host and microbes. High-throughput sequencing technology provides insights into the classification structure, genomic composition, function, and dynamical changes of oral microbiome under healthy and morbid conditions. This review aims to outline the establishment and homeostasis maintenance of regulating oral microbiome, as well as the common oral disease-related microbial imbalance, influencing factors and emerging methods. With perspectives from microbiology, immunology, and multi-omics, we can delve into the complex molecular dialogue between the human body and microbes. Deep understandings of the assembly principles, intercellular signals, stress adaptability, and triggering factors of microbial imbalance are crucial for developing new diagnostic technologies, treatment plans, and custom probiotics. These methods can precisely target and minimize disruption to the oral microbiome. Regulating oral microbiome by using methods such as small molecules, diet, prebiotics, probiotics, phages offers new opportunities to enhance oral and overall health.

Microbiology; Oral microbiota homeostasis; Homeostatic medicine; Dysbiosis; Caries; Periodontal diseases