会议纪要
2023年欧洲糖尿病研究学会年会会议纪要:糖尿病与其他代谢性疾病的学术进展
中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2024,40(3) : 258-266. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20231213-00211
摘要

第59届欧洲糖尿病研究学会(European Association for the Study of Diabetes, EASD)年会于2023年10月2日至6日在德国汉堡召开。在过去的数十年间,糖尿病临床诊治取得巨大进展,新型降糖药物尤其是基于胰升糖素样肽1受体及靶向双重/多重受体的疗法备受关注。这些药物在降糖、减重、改善代谢及至更多额外获益方面,均具有非常值得关注的前景。本文简要介绍本届EASD大会上的一些热点话题。

引用本文: 孙飞, 高彬. 2023年欧洲糖尿病研究学会年会会议纪要:糖尿病与其他代谢性疾病的学术进展 [J] . 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2024, 40(3) : 258-266. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20231213-00211.
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2023年10月2日至6日在德国汉堡召开了第59届欧洲糖尿病研究学会(European Association for the Study of Diabetes, EASD)年会,共有超过11 000人参会,已公开发表的摘要1 000余篇。此次大会内容丰富,涉及糖尿病自然病史、糖尿病并发症、糖尿病及其相关代谢疾病治疗进展等多方面重要内容。本文将聚焦糖尿病及其相关代谢性疾病的最新进展,现汇总如下。

一、糖尿病的自然病史及预测/诊断
(一) 1型糖尿病

在1型糖尿病演变的主题讨论中,有研究者介绍了1型糖尿病的2种内型(endotype)——可于儿童早期诊断的1型糖尿病内型1和青少年或成年期诊断的1型糖尿病内型2[1];2型糖尿病可与1型糖尿病内型2同时存在,形成双重糖尿病,高发于成人,但也可出现于年轻人。与内型1相比,内型2患者的β细胞功能下降更慢,发病年龄更晚[1]。2种1型糖尿病内型在β细胞异常、簇分化抗原(cluster of differentiation, CD)8T细胞和CD20B细胞水平以及胰岛素原水平等方面均存在异质性,且对特定的药物干预反应不同[1];如1型糖尿病内型1对靶向特定免疫细胞亚群的药物(如利妥昔单抗)的免疫治疗反应可能比1型糖尿病内型2更好,而谷氨酸脱羧酶-氢氧化铝疗法可能对治疗1型糖尿病内型2有效[2]。因此,内型的区分将有助于1型糖尿病精准医学的临床应用。根据儿童1型糖尿病的异质性,也可通过内源性生物标志物、年龄、自身抗体类型、相似风险个体的不同特征(如细胞功能、2型糖尿病遗传因素、青年发病的成年型糖尿病基因、体重指数和种族)等对1型糖尿病进行预测,以评估预防药物的应答和指导治疗。

成人自身免疫性糖尿病患者还可根据诊断时的胰岛素自身抗体和谷氨酸脱羧酶自身抗体(glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, GADA)进行分型;通常胰岛素自身抗体阳性更多见于年轻患者,而GADA阳性更多存在于年老患者[3]。此外,GADA抗体滴度高的患者,其HbA1C水平高于GADA滴度低或阴性的患者[4]。这些自身免疫性糖尿病分型的诊断有利于识别某些合并症(如甲状腺)等、解释HbA1C的自然病史以及指导治疗[4]

(二) 2型糖尿病

在2型糖尿病自然病史的探索过程中,研究者们逐渐认识到,胰岛素抵抗不是一种疾病,而是一种生理状态。斯坦福队列(Stanford cohort)研究结果显示,慢性胰岛素抵抗可能增加2型糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗综合征的风险[5];但糖尿病前期人群的胰岛素敏感性存在异质性,不同糖耐量人群中的胰岛素抵抗者占比并不同[6]。乌普萨拉成年男性(ULSAM)纵向研究结果也表明,胰岛素分泌不足及胰岛素抵抗均与糖尿病及多种心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)的发展有关[7]。欧洲胰岛素抵抗研究组-胰岛素敏感性与CVD关系(EGIR-RISC)研究则进一步显示,当身体出现胰岛素抵抗时,不会引发大规模的β细胞补偿机制,空腹和餐后血糖代谢基本上是相互独立的,其代谢紊乱受不同的特异性β细胞缺陷所影响:存在肝脏胰岛素抵抗且胰岛素分泌率下降(或者上升失败)时,可导致空腹高血糖;而存在外周胰岛素抵抗且β细胞对血糖敏感性下降时,可能导致餐后高血糖[8,9]。而对于肥胖患者而言,即使无胰岛素抵抗,糖尿病和CVD的风险仍然较高。多种生物标志物可用于预测糖尿病和CVD的预后,如空腹血糖以及低水平亚油酸(18∶2n-6)和高水平饱和脂肪酸(14∶0和16∶0)的脂肪酸谱等[7,10]

此外,在2型糖尿病的诊断方面,有研究者提出,1 h血浆血糖可用于未检测到的糖尿病前期或2型糖尿病者的筛查,且其≥11.6 mmol/L或≥12.0 mmol/L可能成为诊断2型糖尿病的最佳切点[11,12]。该方法有利于更早发现餐后血糖水平升高,且与口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)相比更便捷[13]

(三)妊娠和糖尿病

在妊娠糖尿病早期的筛查方面,近年来的研究显示,按照2013年世界卫生组织标准即75g OGTT进行妊娠期糖尿病预测的准确性较低;但空腹血糖浓度,尤其是75 g OGTT期间动态评估的血糖浓度,以及生化指标如三酰甘油、胰岛素和脂联素水平均与妊娠期糖尿病的进展有关,仍可用于低风险和高风险孕产妇的分层[14]

目前,在妊娠期糖尿病的临床诊断中,虽然妊娠期超重和肥胖并未被纳入诊断标准,但在妊娠中期进行OGTT时显示,超重和肥胖孕妇的血糖水平明显高于非超重和肥胖的孕妇[15]。且非妊娠期糖尿病孕妇其体重指数升高与胎儿过度生长有关,且肥胖导致的不良代谢环境和胰岛素抵抗会在妊娠早期造成胎儿生长过快[15]。因此,孕妇肥胖问题仍需关注。

二、糖尿病治疗的新进展
(一)长效胰岛素周制剂

依柯胰岛素(insulin icode,诺和诺德公司,丹麦)是一种超长效基础胰岛素制剂,在人体内半衰期可长达196 h。一项旨在未使用过胰岛素的2型糖尿病患者中比较依柯胰岛素和德谷胰岛素(insulin degludec,诺和诺德公司,丹麦)的随机、双盲的Ⅲ a期临床研究(ONWARDS 3)结果显示,与每天注射1次德谷胰岛素相比,每周注射1次的依柯胰岛素可显著降低成人2型糖尿病患者的HbA1C水平,且在没有2级或3级低血糖的情况下,依柯胰岛素组HbA1C<7%的患者比例显著高于德谷胰岛素组(52.1%对39.9%, P=0.005 4)[16]。另一项旨在成人1型糖尿病的患者中比较餐时胰岛素基础上使用依柯胰岛素和德谷胰岛素的研究(ONWARDS 6)结果显示,在降低HbA1C水平方面,每周注射1次的依柯胰岛素与每天注射1次的德谷胰岛素治疗相比,表现出非劣效性(估计治疗差异为0.05%,95%CI 0.13~0.23),提示了依柯胰岛素可实现将基础胰岛素注射从每年≥365次减少到52次,从而改善患者接受胰岛素治疗的依从性[16,17]

(二)钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白抑制剂2(sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, SGLT2i)

1.SGLT2i单药治疗。一项基于丹麦国家注册数据库、针对老年人群的模拟随机对照试验(randomised controlled trials, RCT)结果显示,与二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ抑制剂(dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, DPP4i)相比,经SGLT2i或胰升糖素样肽1受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1RA)治疗的2型糖尿病老年患者的3终点-主要心血管不良事件发生率均显著降低[SGLT2i:相对风险(relative risk, RR)=0.83,95%CI 0.78~0.90;GLP-1RA:RR=0.90,95%CI 0.85~0.95][18]。老年患者常共患多种慢性疾病,一项旨在验证SGLT2i于糖尿病合并CVD患者中安全性的RCT结果显示,在治疗7个月后,恩格列净相比安慰剂可显著改善近期急性冠脉综合征和新发血糖异常患者的血糖和胰岛素敏感指数,而胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能的改善情况组间无明显差异,提示恩格列净(勃林格殷格翰公司,德国)产生心血管长期获益的主要代谢贡献可能是改善胰岛素敏感性[19]。这些研究结果支持在心血管风险极高的糖尿病人群中进一步开展SGLT2i临床研究和应用。

2.SGLT2i和GLP-1RA联合治疗。在心血管结局探索方面,Zareini等[20]的研究显示,与其他联合DPP4i/磺脲类(sulfonylureas, SU)/噻唑烷二酮类(thiazolidinediones, TZD)的方案相比,SGLT2i和GLP-1RA双联治疗可降低5年内2型糖尿病患者心衰的风险(RR=0.93,95%CI 0.87~1.00),并可降低主要心血管不良事件(RR=0.91,95%CI 0.87~0.95)和全因死亡(0.78,95%CI 0.74~0.82)的发生率。另一项基于2010年至2021年丹麦全国注册数据库患者的跟踪调查显示,与含其他DPP4i/SU/TZD的双联治疗相比,SGLT2i和GLP-1RA联合方案可更大程度地降低2型糖尿病患者的终末期肾病的风险(RR=0.12,95%CI 0.09~0.15),同时也降低估算的肾小球滤过率水平自基线下降>50%(RR=0.52,95%CI 0.45~0.59)的风险[21]。上述研究结果为SGLT2i和GLP-1RA双联疗法在2型糖尿病患者中的心、肾获益提供了参考依据。

(三)肠促胰素受体激动治疗

肠促胰素是一类胃肠道来源的肽类物质,能以葡萄糖浓度依赖的方式作用于胰岛β细胞而发挥调节胰岛素分泌的作用;人体内主要的2种肠促胰素为葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素释放多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP)和胰升糖素样肽1(glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1)。随着人们对肠促胰素生理病理作用的深入探索,新型GLP-1RA[如PB-119、苏帕鲁肽(supaglutide)和GL0034(utreglutide)]和小分子GLP-1RA(如HTD1801)均已开始进入临床研究,HDM1002、AZD0186、GSBR-2657等也正在进行临床前的积极探索[22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]。与此同时,近年来针对肠促胰素双受体或多受体的药物研发飞速发展,其中GIP/GLP-1双受体激动剂替尔泊肽(tirzepatide,礼来公司,美国)备受关注。

(四)替尔泊肽的疗效与潜在获益

1.替尔泊肽与胰岛素的疗效比较:最新公布的一项旨在使用/不使用二甲双胍的、甘精胰岛素控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者中比较替尔泊肽和赖脯胰岛素的研究(SURPASS-6)结果显示,在联合甘精胰岛素治疗基础上,至第52周时替尔泊肽10 mg和15 mg剂量组2型糖尿病患者的平均HbA1C水平变化均优于赖脯胰岛素组(均为6.5%对7.6%, P<0.001);替尔泊肽组可减重达9.6 kg,而赖脯胰岛素组则增重3.8 kg(P<0.001)[30]。基于一项在2型糖尿病患者中比较替尔泊肽与德谷胰岛素的研究(SURPASS-3)和另一项在心血管风险增加的2型糖尿病患者中比较替尔泊肽与甘精胰岛素的研究(SURPASS-4)的亚组分析也表明,无论基线空腹血糖/餐后血糖水平如何,替尔泊肽持续降低2型糖尿病患者HbA1C水平的程度均优于德谷胰岛素和甘精胰岛素(均P<0.001)[31]

2.替尔泊肽与司美格鲁肽的疗效比较。基于一项在2型糖尿病患者中比较替尔泊肽和司美格鲁肽作为二甲双胍附加疗法的研究(SURPASS-2)的数据分析显示,所有剂量组的替尔泊肽在维持HbA1C≤6.5%和(或)体重减轻≥5%的时间方面均优于司美格鲁肽(诺和诺德公司,丹麦;均P<0.001)[32]。此外,已有网状meta分析结果进一步表明,替尔泊肽5 mg、10 mg和15 mg剂量组在降低2型糖尿病患者HbA1C水平方面,均比相应的司美格鲁肽0.5 mg、1 mg、2 mg剂量组效果更佳,平均差分别为-0.50%、-0.44%和-0.38%;减重效果也更佳,平均差分别为-3.44 kg、-4.32 kg和-5.73 kg[33]

这些研究结果证实了替尔泊肽的疗效优势,且无论在降糖、减重或维持时间上均优于司美格鲁肽、德谷胰岛素和甘精胰岛素[33]

3.替尔泊肽在糖尿病患者中的额外获益。(1)脂肪分布模式的获益。肌肉脂肪浸润(muscle fat infiltration, MFI)是肥胖症和2型糖尿病的常见症状,且与CVD和死亡的高风险相关[34]。替尔泊肽已被充分证实具有显著减重作用,而相关核磁共振研究显示,替尔泊肽可在减轻2型糖尿病患者体重的同时,对脂肪分布模式也产生有益影响,替尔泊肽5 mg、10 mg、15 mg剂量组患者的大腿MFI值较基线分别平均降低了0.23%(P=0.003)、0.42%(P<0.001)以及0.44%(P<0.001),且降低幅度显著超出基于英国生物样本库成像研究建立的模型预测值(均P<0.001)[35,36]。进一步的探索性分析显示,替尔泊肽对MFI的改善可能归因于该药带来的体重、腹部脂肪和血脂的有利变化,替尔泊肽组MFI变化绝对值与体重(R=0.310, P<0.001)、内脏脂肪(R=0.480, P<0.001)、腹部皮下脂肪(R=0.373, P<0.001)、三酰甘油(R=0.197, P=0.014)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(R=-0.231, P=0.004)、脂联素(R=-0.196, P=0.046)和游离脂肪酸(R=0.304, P=0.002)的变化均显著相关[34]。(2)肾脏保护。一项基于替尔泊肽治疗2型糖尿病患者的系列研究的事后分析显示,与对照组相比,替尔泊肽各剂量组(5 mg、10 mg、15 mg)均可明显降低2型糖尿病患者的微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值,且在基线微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值≥3.39 mg/mmol或估算的肾小球滤过率<60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1的亚组患者中的保护作用更为明显,提示替尔泊肽在降糖同时具有潜在的肾脏保护作用[37]

三、糖尿病的并发症/合并症研究
(一) CVD

在成人糖尿病患者中,糖尿病心肌病是常见的心血管并发症之一。研究表明,糖尿病心肌病在临床上呈现渐进性加重的特征。而一些生物标志物如N末端B型利钠肽原,可预测糖尿病心肌病患者心脏功能损伤的严重程度,值得进一步探索[38]。对于合并心衰的糖尿病患者,基于达格列净(阿斯利康公司,英国)改善射血分数保留心衰患者生活的评价(DELIVER)研究中,50.2%患有2型糖尿病的射血分数轻度减少/保留的心衰患者的数据分析表明,SGLT2i达格列净对于基线时使用不同降糖方案的患者,在改善心衰预后方面没有异质性;该研究结果进一步支持了对于目前2型糖尿病治疗指南的更新[39]

近年来,青少年糖尿病患者的CVD风险也逐渐受到重视。在长达35年的随访研究中,3.8%的青少年糖尿病患者出现了CVD相关致死/非致死事件,且青少年期风险因素与成年期心血管事件的发生有关,成年期致死/非致死性心血管事件的风险比(hazard rate, HR)为2.75(95%CI 2.48~3.06)[40]。对此,Urbina教授[40]提出了几条建议:对于一级预防,需要防止心血管相关风险因素的发展;对于二级预防,如针对高危青少年,更需要对肥胖等风险因素进行积极地控制。

(二)神经病变

在糖尿病神经病变的诊断方面,有研究者建议不仅需要依赖公认的检测方法和阳性标准,还需考虑病程的可变性和诊断小纤维神经病变的难度[41]。其中,对于糖尿病周围神经病变,联合使用床旁或快速检测设备可用于预测病因的死亡率和神经病变的发病率,灵敏度可达到93%以上[42]

在糖尿病神经病变的治疗方面,一项纳入了600万2型糖尿病患者的回顾性队列研究显示,在5年随访期间,经SGLT2i治疗的患者可降低微血管并发症的发生风险,SGLT2i干预组相比对照组(无SGLT2i/GLP1-RA干预)在糖尿病神经病变(RR=0.667,95%CI 0.642~0.692)、自主神经病变(RR=0.688,95%CI 0.560~0.640)、糖尿病性视网膜病变(RR=0.599,95%CI 0.440~0.536)和黄斑水肿(RR=0.486,95%CI 0.440~0.536)方面均显著降低了疾病发生风险[43]

(三)肾脏疾病

一项基于美国医疗系统2013年至2022年随访数据的流行病学分析显示,1型糖尿病人群中慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)的总患病率达27.9%,且随年龄增长而增加;60~80岁以上人群的CKD患病率为37.5%~70.2%;其中3期CKD(占比57.6%)患者最为常见,约22.1%的患者存在肾衰竭[44]。对于2型糖尿病合并CKD的患者,即使患者的尿白蛋白/肌酐比值<30 mg/dL,其心血管和肾脏发生风险也十分显著[45]。对于合并高血压且使用高血压药物的老年糖尿病患者,当其收缩压≥160 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)时即具有较高的发生终末期肾病的风险[46]

针对伴有严重肾损害的糖尿病患者的管理,Chowdhury教授[47]提出了几点建议:(1)对于接受透析的糖尿病患者,HbA1C水平可能无法真实反映血糖控制情况。(2)使用连续血糖监测对于接受血液透析或腹膜透析的糖尿病患者非常有帮助。(3)移植术后糖尿病患者需要积极筛查和管理。目前,非奈利酮已被证实对于2型糖尿病合并CKD患者具有保护心血管和肾脏的作用,而GLP-1RA和其他肠促胰素类药物也可能是治疗上述患者的进一步选择。

四、肥胖及相关疾病的研究进展
(一)肥胖

1.肥胖与糖尿病。Roy Taylor教授及其团队早在2008年即提出了"双循环假说"以解释糖尿病的成因:首先过多的脂肪在肝脏聚集,其次肝脏输出多余的脂肪,多余的脂肪在胰腺发生异位沉积,最终导致胰岛β细胞功能障碍,导致2型糖尿病的发生。而包括糖尿病缓解临床试验(DiRECT)研究在内的多项研究结果也充分证实了"个体化脂肪阈值假说",即2型糖尿病的病因不依赖于体重指数,且患者可能在体重减轻后,血糖水平恢复到非糖尿病状态;这种病理生理学的见解对制定正常体重指数的2型糖尿病患者管理策略具有重大意义[48]

2.肥胖与CVD。代谢健康的肥胖者(metabolically healthy obesity, MHO),即体重指数≥30 kg/m2且最多存在一种代谢紊乱的人群,在临床上也十分常见。MHO是一种短暂的表型,可增加心脏代谢并发症的发生风险(冠心病:HR=1.49;脑血管疾病:HR=1.07;心衰:HR=1.96)[49]。MHO的发生可以揭示脂肪积累、不良脂肪分布和脂肪组织功能障碍导致代谢和心血管异常的机制[50]。因此,MHO患者应及时进行个体化的肥胖治疗,以预防心脏代谢并发症的发生。

此外,肥胖(体重指数≥30 kg/m2)和(或)2型糖尿病患者的纤维化4指数(fibrosis-4 score, FIB-4)的变化幅度与肝脏事件、心血管事件和全因死亡率风险也均密切相关[51]。因此,在广泛的高危人群中,FIB-4指数作为后续肝脏事件、心血管事件和死亡风险的预后生物标志物可能具有临床应用价值[51]

3.肥胖/超重的药物治疗研究进展。(1)替尔泊肽。最新公布的一项旨在评估替尔泊肽治疗肥胖/超重合并2型糖尿病患者的研究(SURMOUNT-3)结果显示,在为期12周的强化生活方式干预后,替尔泊肽组肥胖/超重患者在72周内平均体重变化达-18.4%(安慰剂组为2.5%, P<0.001),体重减轻≥5%的患者达87.5%(安慰剂组为16.5%, P<0.001)[52]。另一项旨在肥胖/超重患者中评估替尔泊肽维持减重效果的研究(SURMOUNT-4)结果显示,在36周的导入期(所有肥胖/超重患者均使用替尔泊肽)结束时,所有患者平均体重减轻了20.9%;在随后52周的双盲治疗(患者被随机分配继续应用替尔泊肽或改用安慰剂),替尔泊肽组的患者体重持续减轻,且体重平均变化百分比高于安慰剂组(14%对-5.5%, P<0.001);在第88周时,替尔泊肽组患者超过95%的受试者较基线减重≥5%,约70%的受试者较基线减重≥20%,超过50%的受试者较基线减重≥25%[53]。上述研究体现了替尔泊肽的持续减重效应。一项针对中国肥胖/超重且非2型糖尿病成人患者开展的替尔泊肽研究(SURMOUNT-CN)结果显示,在52周时,与安慰剂相比,替尔泊肽10 mg和15 mg治疗均显著减轻体重(14.4%和19.9%,均P<0.000 1);2组实现减重≥5%、减重≥10%以及减重≥15%的患者比例显著高于安慰剂组(均P<0.000 1),且减重幅度随着治疗时间的延长而增加[54]。(2)其他新型药物。①奥格列龙(orforglipron)是一种口服非肽类GLP-1受体激动剂[55]。奥格列龙45 mg治疗超重/肥胖可在第36周时使患者平均体重降幅达14.7%,而安慰剂组仅为2.3%;高达75%的奥格列龙组患者实现了减重≥10%,近一半的患者实现了减重≥15%[55]。②瑞他鲁肽(retatrutide)是基于GIP肽序列开发的一种靶向GIP/GLP-1/胰升糖素三重受体的多肽药物[56]。成人肥胖/超重患者在接受瑞他鲁肽治疗至48周时,患者体重较基线平均下降高达24.2%(26 kg),HbA1C水平较基线变化均值可达-4.9 mmol/mol,且血压、血脂水平均有所改善[56]。在瑞他鲁肽的Ⅱ期研究中,与安慰剂和1.5 mg度拉糖肽相比,该药使2型糖尿病合并超重/肥胖患者(体重指数25~50 kg/m2)实现了空腹血清胃泌素、HbA1C水平和体重的降低;且HbA1C水平达到6.5%和5.7%的患者比例分别高达82%和31%[57]。③Survodutide(BI 456906)是一种GLP-1/胰升糖素双重受体激动剂[58]。超重/肥胖患者接受Survodutide各剂量组治疗46周后的体重较基线均显著降低(P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖性,同时血压也得到显著改善,提示该药可显著改善超重/肥胖患者的心血管代谢状况[58]

此外,还有一些处于临床前研究阶段的新药,包括多肽药物胰淀素(Amylin)、强效口服小分子GLP-1R激动剂HDM1002、新型GLP-1R/GLP-2R双受体激动剂MG12、FGF-1类似物M43等,未来也有望为糖尿病合并肥胖患者提供新的治疗选择[59,60,61,62]

(二)异位脂质沉积

耶鲁大学的Shulman教授[63]发表了题为"异位脂质在胰岛素抵抗和心脑血管代谢疾病中的作用"的演讲,阐述了胰岛素抵抗的可能分子机制:营养过剩、线粒体活性降低和皮下脂肪缺乏(脂肪营养不良)均可能导致异位脂质积累,引起胰岛素抵抗;并指出,胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病、CVD、脂肪肝、阿尔茨海默病和肥胖相关癌症的主要因素。

异位脂质沉积的常见表现为内脏肥胖。一项来自中国的多中心的队列研究显示,在正常体重的2型糖尿病患者中,内脏肥胖患者10年间动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)的发生风险显著高于内脏正常患者(92.7%对85.3%, P<0.05);类似结果在超重和肥胖患者中也均存在(P<0.05)[64]。尤其是内脏脂肪面积≥100 cm2且体重指数为18.5~23.9 kg/m2的患者,其10年间ASCVD发生风险显著高于内脏脂肪面积<100 cm2且体重指数为24.0~27.9 kg/m2的患者。该研究提示,2型糖尿病患者即使体重正常,但如果存在内脏肥胖,其ASCVD风险也仍高于体重指数定义的超重/肥胖患者。因此,建议对这些患者进行标准化的ASCVD一级预防管理[64]

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利益冲突

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志谢

本文感谢唐都医院尖子人才资助基金的支持

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GiorginoF, FrancoDR, NicolayC, et al. Tirzepatide vs basal insulins in people with type 2 diabetes and different baseline glycaemic patterns: post-hoc analyses of the SURPASS-3 and -4 trials[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 42 Tirzepatide: SURPASSing the vibe check. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/tirzepatide-vs-basal-insulins-in-people-with-type-2-diabetes-and-different-baseline-glycaemic-patterns-post-hoc-analyses-of-the-surpass-3-and-4-trials.
[32]
BergmanBK, RosenstockJ, GarveyT, et al. Time spent with sustained HbA1C≤6.5%(47.5 mmol/mol) and weight loss ≥5% after initiating tirzepatide vs semaglutide: an exploratory analysis of SURPASS-2[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 01 Tirzepatide: all things must SURPASS. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/time-spent-with-sustained-hba-sub-1c-sub-6-5-47-5-mmol-mol-and-weight-loss-5-after-initiating-tirzepatide-vs-semaglutide-an-exploratory-analysis-of-surpass-2.
[33]
KaragiannisT, AvgerinosI, MalandrisK, et al. Tirzepatide compared to subcutaneous semaglutide for type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 01 Tirzepatide: all things must SURPASS. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/tirzepatide-compared-to-subcutaneous-semaglutide-for-type-2-diabetes-a-network-meta-analysis.
[34]
SattarN, LingeJ, NeelandIJ, et al. Tirzepatide reduces muscle fat infiltration relative to insulin deglucec in people with type 2 diabetes(SURPASS-3 MRI)[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 01 Tirzepatide: all things must SURPASS. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/tirzepatide-reduces-muscle-fat-infiltration-relative-to-insulin-deglucec-in-people-with-type-2-diabetes-surpass-3-mri.
[35]
GastaldelliA, CusiK, Fernández LandóL, et al. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes(SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 202210(6):393-406. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00070-5.
[36]
Jennifer Linge LinköpingS. Tirzepatide achieves significant weight loss without adverse effects on muscle composition(SURPASS-3 MRI) [C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 01 Tirzepatide: all things must SURPASS. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/tirzepatide-achieves-significant-weight-loss-without-adverse-effects-on-muscle-composition-surpass-3-mri.
[37]
WieseRJ, HeerspinkHJL, TuttleKR, et al. Tirzepatide reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: post-hoc pooled analysis of SURPASS 1-5[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 01 Tirzepatide: all things must SURPASS. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/tirzepatide-reduces-albuminuria-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-post-hoc-pooled-analysis-of-surpass-1-5.
[38]
PerfettiR. Diagnosis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy based on circulating marker of disease, lessons from the baseline analysis of the ARISE-HF study[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Diabetic Cardiomyopathy(DbCM): a severe complication of diabetes. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/diagnosis-of-diabetic-cardiomyopathy-based-on-circulating-marker-of-disease-lessons-from-the-baseline-analysis-of-the-arise-hf-study.
[39]
InzucchiS. Effects of dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes and heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction across the background of glucose-lowering therapy in DELIVER[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 29 Cardiac complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/effects-of-dapagliflozin-in-type-2-diabetes-and-heart-failure-with-mildly-reduced-or-preserved-ejection-fraction-across-the-background-of-glucose-lowering-therapy-in-deliver.
[40]
UrbinaE. Evidence of cardiac target organ damage in young adults with youth-onset diabetes[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: EASD/JDRF Symposium: Are youth with diabetes at risk for cardiovascular disease?. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/evidence-of-cardiac-target-organ-damage-in-young-adults-with-youth-onset-diabetes.
[41]
JensenTS. Diagnosis of neuropathy: Who, what, when, where, why?[C/OL] 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Diabetic neuropathy from genetics to clinical practice. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/diagnosis-of-neuropathy-who-what-when-where-why.
[42]
SelvarajahD. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy: What can we do better?[C/OL] 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Diabetic neuropathy from genetics to clinical practice. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/treatment-of-diabetic-neuropathy-what-can-we-do-better.
[43]
EleftheriadouA. Risk of diabetic microvascular complications, heart failure, hospitalisation and all-cause mortality with SGLT2i and GLP1-ra in type 2 diabetes: a real-world data study[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 23 More news from SGLT2s. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/risk-of-diabetic-microvascular-complications-heart-failure-hospitalisation-and-all-cause-mortality-with-sglt2i-and-glp1-ra-in-type-2-diabetes-a-real-world-data-study.
[44]
TuttleK. Unmet need the epidemiology of CKD and type 1 diabetes[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/unmet-need-the-epidemiology-of-ckd-and-type-1-diabetes.
[45]
MosenzonO. Non-insulin therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment in 2023: current status and new perspectives[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Treatment strategies to prevent or attenuate renal impairment in type 2 diabetes. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/non-insulin-therapies-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-and-renal-impairment-in-2023-current-status-and-new-perspectives.
[46]
YuSH. Association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with the risk of end-stage renal disease in older diabetes patients: a nationwide population-based study[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 79 Diabetic complications: observational studies from nerves to blood vessels. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/association-of-systolic-and-diastolic-blood-pressure-with-the-risk-of-end-stage-renal-disease-in-older-diabetes-patients-a-nationwide-population-based-study-0305a798-561c-4209-b229-f0c63c3c2dc9.
[47]
ChowdhuryT. Treatment of diabetes in patients with severe renal impairment[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Treatment strategies to prevent or attenuate renal impairment in type 2 diabetes. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/treatment-of-diabetes-in-patients-with-severe-renal-impairment.
[48]
TaylorR. Role and determinants of individual tolerability of obesity in diabetes development: lessons from the DiRECT study and beyond[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Obesity heterogeneity: clinical aspects. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/role-and-determinants-of-individual-tolerability-of-obesity-in-diabetes-development-lessons-from-the-direct-study-and-beyond.
[49]
CaleyachettyR, ThomasGN, ToulisKA, et al. Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 201770(12):1429-1437. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.763.
[50]
BlüherM. Metabolic healthy obesity: fact or fiction? [C/OL] 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: Obesity heterogeneity: clinical aspects. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/metabolic-healthy-obesity-fact-or-fiction.
[51]
KhuntiK. Change in Fibrosis-4 Index is associated with risk of liver events, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality in patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 20 NAFLD and omics. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/change-in-fibrosis-4-index-is-associated-with-risk-of-liver-events-cardiovascular-events-and-all-cause-mortality-in-patients-with-obesity-and-or-type-2-diabetes.
[52]
WaddenTA, ChaoAM, MachineniS, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial[J]. Nat Med, 202329(11):2909-2918. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w.
[53]
AronneLJ, SattarN, HornDB, et al. Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction in adults with obesity: the surmount-4 randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2024331(1):38-48. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945.
[54]
AhmadN. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide once weekly in Chinese participants with obesity or with overweight and weight-related comorbidities[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 32 Keeping focus on GLP1. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/efficacy-and-safety-of-tirzepatide-once-weekly-in-chinese-participants-with-obesity-or-with-overweight-and-weight-related-comorbidities.
[55]
WhartonS. Effect of oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist orforglipron(LY3502970) in participants with obesity or overweight: a phase 2 study[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 43 Small molecules to combat a large disease. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/effect-of-oral-non-peptide-glp-1-receptor-agonist-orforglipron-ly3502970-in-participants-with-obesity-or-overweight-a-phase-2-study.
[56]
JastreboffAM. Once-weekly triple receptor(GIP/GLP-1/glucagon) agonist retatrutide(LY3437943): efficacy and safety in a 48-week obesity phase 2 trial[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 10 Activating two or three G′s; one of us is lonely. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/once-weekly-triple-receptor-gip-glp-1-glucagon-agonist-reta-trutide-ly3437943-efficacy-and-safety-in-a-48-week-obesity-phase-2-trial.
[57]
CoskunT. Retatrutide, a triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, provides robust HbA1c and body weight reductions to people with type 2 diabetes: a 36-week, phase 2 study[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 10 Activating two or three G′s; one of us is lonely. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/retatrutide-a-triple-gip-glp-1-glucagon-receptor-agonist-provides-robust-hba-sub-1c-sub-and-body-weight-reductions-to-people-with-type-2-diabetes-a-36-week-phase-2-study.
[58]
leRouxC. A Phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose finding study of BI 456906 in people living with overweight/obesity[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 10 Activating two or three G′s; one of us is lonely. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/a-phase-ii-randomised-double-blind-placebo-controlled-dose-finding-study-of-bi-456906-in-people-living-with-overweight-obesity.
[59]
VrangN. GUBamy: a novel long-acting amylin analogue with significant therapeutic potential for mono- and combination therapy in obesity[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 08 Towards curing obesity. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/gubamy-a-novel-long-acting-amylin-analogue-with-significant-therapeutic-potential-for-mono-and-combination-therapy-in-obesity.
[60]
LiuD. Discovery of HDM1002, a selective, potent, oral small-molecule GLP-1R agonist for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 43 Small molecules to combat a large disease. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/discovery-of-hdm1002-a-selective-potent-oral-small-molecule-glp-1r-agonist-for-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-and-obesity.
[61]
KimS. Fat specific weight loss in diet-induced obesity mouse model when treated with bispecific GLP-1R/GLP-2R agonist vs dual GLP-1R/GIPR agonist[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 45 Dual agonism: two of us. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/fat-specific-weight-loss-in-diet-induced-obesity-mouse-model-when-treated-with-bispecific-glp-1r-glp-2r-agonist-vs-dual-glp-1r-gipr-agonist.
[62]
JaniszewskiM. A novel FGF-1 analogue normalises type 2 diabetes, obesity and NAFLD symptoms in ZDF rat model[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: SO 52 Targeting muscle, kidney and liver. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/a-novel-fgf-1-analogue-normalises-type-2-diabetes-obesity-and-nafld-symptoms-in-zdf-rat-model.
[63]
ShulmanGI. The role of ectopic lipid in insulin resistance and cardiometabolic disease[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: EASD-Lilly Centennial Anniversary Prize Lecture. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/the-role-of-ectopic-lipid-in-insulin-resistance-and-cardiometabolic-disease.
[64]
ZhengJ. Normal-weight visceral obesity promotes a higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes[C/OL]. 59th EASD Annual Meeting 2023. Session: OP 32 Obesity, liver and beyond. [2023-10-15]. https://www.easd.org/media-centre/home.html#!resources/normal-weight-visceral-obesity-promotes-a-higher-10-year-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-risk-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes.
 
 
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