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体内慢性炎症水平对慢性病管理的重要性
中华健康管理学杂志, 2015,09(3) : 167-170. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-0815.2015.03.005
引用本文: 牛凯军. 体内慢性炎症水平对慢性病管理的重要性 [J] . 中华健康管理学杂志, 2015, 09(3) : 167-170. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-0815.2015.03.005.
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近日,WHO公布的《2014年全球非传染性疾病现状报告》显示,每年超过300万中国人在70岁之前死于心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤和糖尿病等(也被定义为"过早死亡")慢性病[1]。慢性病已成为危害我国国民健康的主要问题。慢性病的危害主要是造成脑、心、肾等重要脏器的损害,易造成伤残,影响劳动能力和生活质量,且医疗费用昂贵,增加了社会和家庭的经济负担。目前,许多常规的慢性病防治方法显然不能满足越来越严峻的慢性病形势,有必要提出新的防治慢性病的思路。

体内慢性炎症水平是近年来提出的与慢性病密切相关的因素之一。炎症本身是人体不可缺少的重要免疫性防御反应,但是不必要、长期过剩的慢性炎症反应,会造成脏器功能损伤,并最终可能引起疾病的发生或恶化。在人群研究中,全身慢性低度炎症(chronic low-grade systemic inflammation)是指临床上没有明显的炎症反应,但是临床上常用的炎性标志物,如高敏C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、补体C3和白细胞(WBC)计数等,处于正常值范围内的较高状态。这种状态能够增加心脑血管疾病、癌症等多种慢性病的发生风险。因此,如何通过降低体内慢性炎症水平,预防慢性病发生,将成为该领域研究的重要课题。我们曾使用流行病学研究方法,发现长寿大国日本,其人群的炎症水平在世界上最低(比我国人群约低30%)[2],这个结果提示体内慢性炎症水平也许是日本人健康程度优于我国的一个原因。此外,我们也发现即使在正常范围内相对低的慢性炎症水平也与健康状态密切相关(包括中国和日本人群)[3,4,5]。这些结果提示降低体内慢性炎症水平对维持和促进健康具有非常重要的意义。在进一步探讨导致日本人群慢性炎症水平低下的原因研究中,我们发现以海产品为主的健康膳食模式和口腔卫生的保持等是降低体内慢性炎症水平,维持健康状态的主要因素[26,7]。基于这些长期研究结果,我们考虑有必要在我国人群中进行进一步的研究分析,以明确体内慢性炎症水平的评估和管理是否能够成为我国慢性病管理的关键。

以下,我们将从"慢性炎症水平对慢性病的预测价值"和"以慢性炎症为指标进行慢性病预防"两方面,来概略地讨论体内慢性炎症水平对慢性病管理的重要性。

一、慢性炎症水平对慢性病的预测价值

已有研究表明,慢性炎症与心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤和糖尿病等慢性病的发生、进展密切相关。许多炎症标记物如CRP[8]、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)[9]、WBC[10,11]、IL-6[12]等对于心脑血管疾病发病具有非常强的预测能力。基础实验显示机体处于持续炎症状态时,聚集到动脉内膜的单核细胞分化形成巨噬细胞,吞噬氧化型脂蛋白后形成载脂泡沫细胞;这时CRP作为一个重要的物质与中性粒细胞一起浸润斑块并且释放活性氧,进一步氧化脂蛋白,最终促进动脉粥样化生长[13]。可是因为基础研究设计等方面的问题(例如体内很少有纯化的CRP蛋白等),CRP是单纯的预测指标(marker),还是作为原因直接参与了心血管疾病的病理过程(cause)尚未在研究者间达成共识[14,15,16],有待进一步的研究论证。另一方面,慢性炎症也参与到致癌过程,大约20%的癌症发生与慢性炎症有关,是导致肿瘤发生或促进肿瘤发展的最主要因素之一[17],一方面,促炎细胞因子IL1-β、IL-6、TNF-α可以促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移[18];另外一方面,持续的慢性炎症使细胞长期暴露于高活性氧环境中,导致基因组改变,引起癌变[19]。慢性炎症可通过引起胰岛素抵抗导致糖尿病[20],有研究表明:大量的IL-6可促进B淋巴细胞分化,产生过量的IgG,该作用和其他细胞因子产生的细胞毒作用结合,可引起胰岛B细胞死亡,导致胰岛素分泌不足,同时IL-6可刺激血管内皮因子的释放,使平滑肌细胞增生和内皮细胞通透性增加[21];TNF-α在致胰岛素抵抗的病理过程中也起着重要的作用[22]

根据这些研究成果,作为心脑血管疾病[23]、恶性肿瘤[24,25]和糖尿病[26,27]等慢性病的早期筛查指标,炎症标志物越来越受到重视。几个大的队列研究先后发现,预测方程式中,加入炎症标志物后,将大大提高疾病发生的预测能力[28,29,30,31,32]。但是同时也有一些研究显示了一个相对弱的预测能力[33,34]。因此,进一步的研究需要确认慢性炎症标志物的预测能力是否存在人种或地域性差异。此外,在亚洲,至今尚无大样本长期队列研究探讨慢性炎症标志物在慢性病发生过程中的预测价值。为此,我们自2013年开始建立大样本开放型队列研究,以探讨慢性炎症水平在慢性病发病过程中的预测价值和防治策略[35,36,37],并发现在我国人群中,血清C3浓度也许具有更高的预测价值[38,39]

二、以慢性炎症为指标进行慢性病预防

慢性炎症在多种慢性疾病的发病中扮演着重要的角色,因此降低慢性炎症是慢性疾病健康管理的一项重要策略。一些可控因素与炎症有关,包括:体育锻炼、戒烟、限酒、膳食纤维摄入量、饱和脂肪摄入量和使用某些营养补充剂和药物(例如:葡萄糖胺、软骨素、鱼油、维生素E、他汀类药物和阿司匹林等)。

规律运动是降低慢性炎症反应的重要手段[40]:规律运动可以减低炎性标志物和促进抗炎因子的产生;而静坐少动的生活方式、形成脂肪特别是内脏脂肪蓄积和慢性炎症的恶性循环状态(互相促进),是导致代谢性疾病发生的重要危险因素。肥胖者内脏脂肪细胞分泌炎性因子增多,而运动可以降低内脏脂肪含量,从而降低机体炎症水平。尽管已有研究认为规律运动具有降低慢性炎症的作用,但是关于"抗炎说"是否是规律运动预防多种慢性病发生发展的机制,目前研究证据仍不充分。

除了运动外,营养对慢性炎症状态也有很重要的影响。主要的饮食和营养干预有:减少热量摄入,控制体重,补充营养补剂和一些天然产品和食品(如蓝绿藻、黑莓、花青素)。例如:Mykkänen等[41]在一项动物实验中发现,野生蓝莓可以降低小鼠体内慢性炎症水平,并能有效阻止高血压的发展。饮食中长链n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)可以降低体内炎症水平,减轻乳腺癌患者体内炎症旁分泌信号,n-3 PUFA摄入增多是乳腺癌的一个保护性因素[42]。近年来,膳食模式对体内慢性低度炎症的影响也受到人们的关注。一项苏格兰绝经后妇女10年队列研究表明,谨慎膳食模式(以鱼类、乳制品、豆类、大米、面食、蔬菜和水果高摄入为特征)与低血清炎症标志物(CRP和IL-6)相关,提示可以减少心血管疾病的发病风险[43]

许多人群研究证实了吸烟者体内炎症水平明显升高[44]。Volpato等[45]的一项横断面研究显示,在健康的老年人群中,少量饮酒与血清低IL-6和CRP水平相关,这一结果可能部分解释了适度饮酒与心血管事件发生的联系,少量饮酒可能会通过降低体内慢性炎症水平来预防心血管疾病。

小剂量的阿司匹林具有抗炎作用,可以降低血清CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平。在Gao等[46]的一项随机对照试验中,建议代谢综合征患者每日服用300 mg阿司匹林,有利于降低心血管事件的发病风险。可是,几个大样本临床试验并未表明阿司匹林能够降低心血管疾病的发生风险[47,48]。此外,尚无针对炎症(免疫反应)本身进行干预的临床试验报告,而美国和加拿大正在实施此项研究(使用IL-1β和IL-6的抑制剂)[49,50],其结果将给该研究领域带来重要影响。

总之,体内慢性低度炎症参与心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、糖尿病等慢性疾病的发生、进展,炎症标志物也逐渐被人们作为多种疾病的早期筛查指标。而慢性炎症又与运动、饮食、吸烟、饮酒等多种生活方式密切相关,良好的生活方式可以显著降低机体的炎症水平,并且可以减少慢性病的发病风险。因此,慢性炎症在慢性病的健康管理中有很重要的意义,应该得到更广泛的关注。我国该领域研究尚处于起步阶段,有必要建立长期大型前瞻性队列研究,筛选出适合我国国民的慢性炎症标志物,明确影响体内慢性炎症水平的生活方式和遗传因素,探讨以降低慢性炎症为手段的慢性病预防和控制方法。

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