综述
针刺后溪穴脑效应机制fMRI研究进展
磁共振成像, 2022,13(9) : 120-122,126. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.09.028
摘要

后溪穴因疗效显著而广泛应用于临床,但其针刺效应机制尚不明确。功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术目前已成为可视化探讨针刺腧穴中枢效应机制的首选方法。经过查阅相关文献可知,针刺后溪穴脑fMRI研究主要集中在影响因素与特异性两方面。本文从以上两方面入手分析该领域整体研究趋势,综述相关科研成果与不足,为针刺临床选穴提供更好的影像学依据,并对后续针刺研究提出方向性建议。

引用本文: 夏美卉, 张秦宏, 蔡丽娜, 等.  针刺后溪穴脑效应机制fMRI研究进展 [J] . 磁共振成像, 2022, 13(9) : 120-122,126. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2022.09.028.
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针刺疗法是祖国传统医学宝库中最具特色的治疗方法之一,可通过疏通经络、补虚泻实,达到扶正祛邪、调整脏腑功能的目的,临床应用广泛且疗效显著[1, 2, 3]。但是,针刺作用机制尚不完全明确,致使其技术发展与传播受到影响。后溪穴又称为后谷,既是小肠经的腧穴,又是八脉交会穴,与督脉相通。历代文献表明,后溪穴具有缓解疼痛、镇惊安神、舒筋敛疮等作用,是治疗颈项强痛、急性扭伤、中风后遗症及肢体活动障碍等疾病的要穴[4, 5, 6]

功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术是一种先进的大脑成像方法[7, 8, 9]。当大脑受到外部刺激时,血液中含氧血红蛋白的数量相应发生变化,fMRI经计算机加工处理可以即时、可视地反映脑组织激活区的改变,是研究针刺机制的重要方法[10, 11, 12]。为进一步探明针刺作用机制,国内外学者进行了大量试验研究[13, 14, 15]。本文整理与后溪穴相关的fMRI研究文献,为其针刺临床应用提供理论依据,并对后续针刺研究提出方向性建议。

1 针刺后溪穴不同影响因素的研究
1.1 不同生理病理状态的研究

许多学者研究表明,针刺后溪穴治疗脊柱周围疼痛效果良好[5,16, 17]。任务态fMRI用时短暂,效果直观,可通过采集执行相关特定任务设计的数据表现脑激活结果。杨骏等[18]采用组块设计方法针刺健康志愿者后溪穴发现,两侧小脑、左侧丘脑、扣带回、右侧尾状核、额中回、中央前回等区域被激活,且激活脑区的信号均升高,这些脑区主要参与上肢、颈项及躯体运动。可以认为,针刺后溪穴治疗躯体及颈项四肢活动障碍类相关疾病与激活以上脑区有关。同样应用任务态方式,唐宏图等[19]选取周围性面瘫患者针刺后溪穴进行研究发现,其脑部激活区分为信号升高区和信号降低区,信号升高区集中在脑干、右侧尾状核头等部位,而信号降低区主要包括双侧额下回、小脑扁桃体、右侧额中回与对侧尾状核头等脑区。额下回与中央前回面口部代表区邻近,相互之间又存在功能联系,针刺后溪穴通过刺激额下回进而调整面口部代表区功能,可能是针灸治疗面瘫的中枢机制之一。额中回、尾状核等脑区出现的正激活与负激活表明,针刺调节作用受生理和病理两种不同状态影响;同时,单纯的针刺即可引起相关脑区的正激活与负激活,提示针刺后溪穴具有双向调节的作用。

1.2 不同身体侧别的研究

人体无论是解剖结构还是系统功能方面左右两侧并非完全一致,且在脑部系统体现得尤为突出[20, 21, 22]。有大量证据表明,结构和功能的偏侧性对于认知和情感过程的最佳执行至关重要,它可以在提高效率的同时保留脑功能储备[23, 24, 25]。中医经典《黄帝内经》对人体左右两侧结构与功能的差异性也有记载,并用于指导临床实践[26, 27]。胡霞等[28]发现,针刺两侧后溪穴信号升高或降低的脑激活区存在较为明显的分布差异。针刺左侧后溪穴,其右侧尾状核头、脑干等区域信号升高,而双侧额下回、右侧颞中回与左侧豆状核等区域信号降低;针刺右侧后溪穴,右侧中央前回、尾状核及顶下小叶等脑区信号升高,左侧额上回和小脑扁桃体区域的信号减低,表明同一穴位在身体的不同侧别,脑激活区、传导通路和主治作用等方面都存在差异,唐宏图等[19]的研究结果验证了以上观点。针刺左右两侧后溪穴脑激活区的差异,除与人体两侧结构不同密切相关外,可能和受试者均为右利手的优势半球效应有一定相关性。

2 针刺后溪穴特异性研究
2.1 针刺后溪单穴的研究

研究发现,目前主要的痛觉调制通路包括脑干下行抑制系统、大脑皮层下行抑制通路等7种方式[29, 30, 31]。功能连接(functional connectivity, FC)分析方法可以反映静息态下脑区之间的关联强度,具有简单、灵敏、易于比较组间差异的优点。有学者[32]基于fMRI技术应用FC分析法探讨针刺后溪中枢神经机制及穴位特异性的研究中发现,针刺后溪穴主要激活右侧额中回、额下回和左侧扣带回等脑区,信号呈兴奋或抑制改变,以上区域是大脑皮层下行抑制通路与边缘系统经缰核的下行痛觉调制通路主要组成部分,为临床采取针刺后溪穴治疗颈项腰背部疾患提供了影像学支持。胡霞等[28]发现任务态下,针刺后溪穴尾状核头、额中回、颞上回、扣带回等脑功能区信号改变。其中扣带回、额中回等脑区被认为含有阿片受体在内的多种可参与疼痛过程调节的神经递质,在内源性疼痛控制中起着决定性的作用[33, 34, 35]。由此推测,针刺后溪穴镇痛机制的产生,可能与上述脑功能区的激活或抑制密切相关,而不同研究者得出的结果差异可能主要与静息态和任务态分析方法不同有关。有学者在针刺后溪穴时,使其针感能够上传至手臂甚或肩背部,通过简易McGin疼痛问卷表测量患者治疗前后的疼痛程度并评估治疗效果时发现,治疗前后问卷得分存在明显差异,表明适当强刺激的临床疗效更加显著[36]。提示针刺腧穴时,应施用一定行针手法,力求让患者产生酸、麻、胀等针感以达到激活相关脑区的目的,进而才能产生更好的临床疗效。

2.2 针刺后溪与相邻他穴的对比研究

中渚穴与后溪穴分属两经,位置相邻,迟旭等[37]对比分析了两穴在脑激活区方面的异同发现,分别针刺两穴均引起扣带回、小脑半球及中央后回等区域的激活,上述被激活的脑功能区绝大多数都参与疼痛机制调节,但针刺后溪穴在尾状核头、岛叶等脑区相比中渚穴出现了特异性激活,提示两穴虽共同参与镇痛调节,但后溪穴其作用脑区镇痛机制存在特异性,临床应用时需对症选穴。李晓陵等[38]在研究中也提出针刺镇痛可能是激发相应脑功能区产生联合作用的结果。合谷、后溪同是治疗面瘫的常用腧穴,两者都位于手部,位置相近,但是分属经脉不同。有学者研究发现针刺合谷穴能激活导致面瘫的多个脑区,并认为该穴是通过整合相关脑区进而达到治疗面部疾病的作用[39, 40]。然而针刺后溪穴引起的激活脑区与此存在差异,可以推测针刺后溪穴可能在面瘫治疗中起到协同促愈作用。能够间接证实古代中医学家使用经穴配伍治疗疾病的科学性,为腧穴理论的“经脉所过、主治所及”提供影像依据,也为更加系统科学地研究针刺不同腧穴脑激活区及脑网络连接提供一定指导。

3 不足与展望

为明晰针刺后溪穴脑效应机理,国内外学者对此利用多种手段进行了试验研究[41, 42, 43]。同时也存在一些不足:一是因个体差异被试者在试验中难免受到心理、环境等因素影响,干扰试验结果的准确性,所以需严格规范试验变量,促进试验模式标准化、数据分析精确化;二是样本人群主要是健康青年和面瘫患者,其他优势病种涉及较少,故今后应该注重多种疾病对比研究,包括对其优势病种与常用治疗疾病的单穴组穴比较研究等等。

随着fMRI技术不断发展更新,基于脑fMRI技术的针刺作用机制研究也越来越广泛[44, 45, 46]。为解释针刺作用机制并拓宽研究思路,我们应全面、深入地探讨合理应用fMRI扫描技术的条件,从针刺临床出发,将脑功能成像结果与多学科研究有效结合。有文献表明,针刺技术也是影响机体代谢功能变化的重要因素,因此从宏观针刺方案与微观分子水平两个层面共同阐述针刺作用,将为穴位的脑效应研究提供更加完整透彻的诠释[47, 48]。为进一步探究针刺作用下fMRI信号变化与脑部神经信息传递之间的关系,大样本量的穴位及经络特异性试验和针灸治疗优势病种过程中脑功能动态变化的探索可能是未来研究的重点方向。

4 小结

针刺健康人和面瘫患者后溪穴脑激活区存在显著差异,相同脑区在生理病理状态下表现不同而且单纯的针刺即可引起相关脑区正负激活变化,提示针刺后溪穴具有双向调节作用;针刺后溪穴的fMRI研究受不同身体侧别影响,可能与人体大脑两侧半球功能不对称有关;对比针刺后溪与相邻他穴发现,针刺后溪穴特异性激活脑区与针刺理论相一致。因此可以推测穴位组方治疗疾病可能是通过整合不同脑激活区而产生更广泛、更强大的临床疗效。

志      谢
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82074537, 81373714); Natural Science Foundation Project of Heilongjiang Province (No. LH2020H103); Harbin Science and Technology Outstanding Discipline Leader Fund Project (No. 2016RAXYJ096).

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作者利益冲突声明:

全体作者均声明无利益冲突。

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