标准与讨论
造血干细胞移植后肝窦隙阻塞综合征诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2022年版)
中华血液学杂志, 2022,43(3) : 177-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2022.03.001

肝窦隙阻塞综合征(sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, SOS)也称肝静脉闭塞症(veno-occlusive disease, VOD),多发生于摄入某些毒性生物碱、高剂量放/化疗和器官移植的患者,是一种可危及生命的严重疾病。造血干细胞移植(HSCT)患者是SOS最主要的发病人群,SOS也是移植早期的重要合并症和死亡原因之一。本共识在参考该领域国外指南/共识的基础上,纳入国内的主要研究成果和临床经验,结合现时国情,为各移植单位SOS规范化诊疗提供指导性意见。

引用本文: 中华医学会血液学分会. 造血干细胞移植后肝窦隙阻塞综合征诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2022年版) [J] . 中华血液学杂志, 2022, 43(3) : 177-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2022.03.001.
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肝窦隙阻塞综合征(sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, SOS)也称肝静脉闭塞症(veno-occlusive disease, VOD),多发生于摄入某些毒性生物碱、高剂量放/化疗和器官移植的患者,是一种可危及生命的严重疾病。造血干细胞移植(HSCT)患者是SOS最主要的发病人群,SOS也是移植早期的重要合并症和死亡原因之一。本共识在参考该领域国外指南/共识的基础上,纳入国内的主要研究成果和临床经验,结合现时国情,为各移植单位SOS规范化诊疗提供指导性意见。

一、定义和流行病学

HSCT后SOS是指HSCT后早期发生的、预处理相关肝毒性导致的一类主要表现为黄疸、液体潴留、肝肿大等特征的临床综合征,重症患者病死率可高达80%[1,2,3]

因患者特征、预处理方案、移植中心经验、诊断标准等差异,SOS发生率在不同研究中的差异较大。一项荟萃分析显示中位发生率为13.7%(0~62.3%)[4]。综合来看,自体HSCT(auto-HSCT)后发生率为3.1%~8.7%,异基因HSCT(allo-HSCT)为8.9%~14.0%[4,5,6,7,8]。儿童HSCT患者发生率略高于成人[9,10,11,12]。国内广西医科大学附属第一院报道allo-HSCT后SOS发生率为7.4%[13]。近年来发生率及严重程度总体有所下降,但某些药物(如CD33、CD22等单抗)的应用、增加强度预处理、二次移植等在一定程度上会增加患者发病风险。

二、发病机制

SOS的发病机制尚未明确,目前认为预处理方案相关肝毒性为首要病因。白消安(BU)、环磷酰胺(CTX)、全身放疗(TBI)等对窦隙内皮细胞(SEC)和肝细胞的毒性损伤是SOS发生的直接原因,肝小叶中心区域(肝腺泡3区)因缺乏谷胱甘肽(GSH)而更易发生损伤[14,15,16]。除预处理外,组织损伤产生的细胞因子、药物[钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)、造血生长因子、抗体药物等]、异源反应性T细胞、某些GSHS-转移酶相关基因突变、内源微生物代谢物的迁移及造血植入等也可导致或加重SEC损伤[17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]。SEC损伤导致内皮细胞屏障破坏,窦壁完整性丧失,红细胞渗至狄氏(Disse)腔,引起内皮细胞分离,造成肝窦隙阻塞;此外,凝血-纤溶系统失衡可致微血栓形成,加重小叶中心静脉阻塞,最终形成窦后性门静脉高压。发展至重症者小叶中心坏死、纤维化,肝功能衰竭。鉴于内皮损伤在发病机制中的中心地位,也有学者将SOS纳入HSCT相关内皮损伤综合征范畴[25,26]

三、危险因素

SOS发病危险因素一般分为患者相关和移植相关两类。前者主要包括:年龄、体能状况、移植前肝病史/肝功能异常、疾病进展状态、地中海贫血、铁过载、腹部放疗史、应用吉妥珠单抗(Gemtuzumabozogamicin)或奥加伊妥珠单抗(Inotuzumabozogamicin)[27,28,29]。后者主要包括:allo-HSCT(相比auto-HSCT)、HLA不合/单倍型移植、二次移植、移植物非去T细胞、含BU或TBI预处理、氟达拉滨、CNI联合西罗莫司预防GVHD等。

识别危险因素或构建前瞻性风险评估模型有助于SOS的早期预测和预防[30]

四、诊断、分级及鉴别诊断

典型SOS多发生于HSCT后21 d内,迟发型可发生于21 d后。可隐匿发病,也可急骤进展。主要临床表现包括右上腹压痛、黄疸、痛性肝肿大、腹水、体重增加、水肿等。实验室检查可见高胆红素血症、转氨酶升高、难以解释的血小板减少等。影像学(推荐多普勒超声)检查可发现肝肿大、腹水、胆囊壁水肿、肝/门静脉血流减慢或反向血流、门静脉增宽等[31,32]。轻症患者呈自限性,重症者可出现肾、肺、心脏等多器官功能衰竭(MOF),预后凶险。

肝组织活检病理是诊断金标准,但在移植早期实施出血风险大,不常规推荐。有经验的单位可选择经颈静脉肝活检或测量肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)辅助诊断。近年以瞬时弹性成像技术(TE)进行肝硬度检测(LSM),预测和诊断的敏感性及特异性较高[33,34,35]

目前尚无具有预测或诊断意义的生物学标志物。纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)等血凝标志物有一定的预测价值,内皮细胞损伤及炎症标志物尚在探索中[36,37,38,39,40],不推荐常规检测。

SOS临床诊断多依据修订的西雅图(Seattle)标准[41]或巴尔的摩(Baltimore)标准[42]。2016年欧洲骨髓移植学会(EBMT)提出的SOS标准[3]具有较好的实用性,本共识推荐使用该标准,也可与前述2个标准并行使用。各诊断标准见表1

点击查看表格
表1

修订的西雅图、巴尔的摩和欧洲骨髓移植学会(EBMT)肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)诊断标准

表1

修订的西雅图、巴尔的摩和欧洲骨髓移植学会(EBMT)肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)诊断标准

标准描述
修订的西雅图标准HSCT后20 d内出现至少2条下述表现:胆红素>2 mg/dl,肝肿大伴右上腹痛,液体潴留致体重增加≥2%基线体重
巴尔的摩标准HSCT后21 d内胆红素>2 mg/dl,同时至少符合2条下述表现:痛性肝肿大,体重增加≥5%,腹水
EBMT标准经典型SOS:HSCT后21 d内胆红素>2 mg/dl,同时至少符合2条下述表现:痛性肝肿大,体重增加≥5%,腹水
 迟发型SOS:HSCT后21 d后出现经典型SOS或病理学证实的SOS,或≥2条经典型标准且同时具备超声或血液动力学证据

注:HSCT:造血干细胞移植

儿童SOS的EBMT诊断标准[10]:无发生时间限定,至少满足2条下述表现:①难以解释的消耗性血小板减少和无效输注;②即使应用利尿剂,仍有难以解释的连续3 d体重增加或体重增加>5%基线值;③高于基线值的肝脏肿大(建议影像学确认);④高于基线值的腹水(建议影像学确认);⑤连续3 d胆红素高于基线值,或72 h内胆红素≥2 mg/dl。值得注意的是,16%~20%的儿童SOS为迟发型,近30%无黄疸表现[43,44]

本共识推荐采用美国血液学会SOS分级标准[45]表2)及EBMT分级标准[3]表3)进行严重程度分级。

点击查看表格
表2

美国血液学会肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)分级标准

表2

美国血液学会肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)分级标准

分级病情进展胆红素(mg/dl)转氨酶体重增幅血肌酐
轻度慢,(>6~7 d)2~3<3倍正常值上限2.0%正常
中度快,(4~5 d)>3~53~5倍正常值上限2.1%~5.0%<2倍基线值
重度迅速,(2~3 d)>5>5倍正常值上限>5.0%≥2倍基线值

注:上述标准符合≥2条即可确认相应严重程度

点击查看表格
表3

欧洲骨髓移植学会肝窦隙阻塞综合征分级标准

表3

欧洲骨髓移植学会肝窦隙阻塞综合征分级标准

分级首次症状出现时间(d)胆红素(mg/dl)胆红素变化转氨酶体重增加血肌酐
轻度>72~<3 ≤2倍正常值上限<5%<1.2倍移植前基线值
中度5~73~<5 >2~5倍正常值上限5%~<10%1.2~<1.5倍移植前基线值
重度≤45~<848 h内倍增>5~8倍正常值上限5%~<10%1.5~<2倍移植前基线值
极重度任何时间≥8 >8倍正常值上限≥10%≥2倍移植前基线值或出现其他多器官功能衰竭表现

注:当符合不同分类下的2条标准时,应归类于比较严重的分类中

SOS需要与以下疾病鉴别:肝脏急性GVHD、病毒性肝炎、药物性肝损伤、毛细血管渗漏综合征(CLS)、移植相关血栓性微血管病(TA-TMA)等,鉴别要点见表4

点击查看表格
表4

肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)的鉴别诊断

表4

肝窦隙阻塞综合征(SOS)的鉴别诊断

疾病临床特征辅助检查
肝脏急性GVHD淤胆性肝损伤为主,伴或不伴肝酶增高,多伴有皮肤和(或)肠道急性GVHD,孤立的肝脏急性GVHD较少见。少见痛性肝肿大及钠水潴留无SOS超声特征
病毒性肝炎HBV再激活:HBV感染史,急性肝炎表现伴病毒载量显著增高,排除其他病因。其他病毒感染:HCV、HEV、HSV、CMV、EBV、ADV、HHV-6等。少见痛性肝肿大、钠水潴留同上
药物性肝损伤评估可疑药物与肝损伤的相关程度,药物应用与肝损伤的时间关系,停药后反应等。重点关注CNI、抗真菌药物和部分抗生素。无痛性肝肿大、钠水潴留同上
毛细血管渗漏综合征可为植入综合征表现,也可发生于感染及CNI、细胞因子应用后。浮肿、非心源性肺水肿、低蛋白血症、对利尿剂反应差。少见黄疸、肝肿大可有腹水征
移植相关血栓性微血管病难以解释的肾功能和(或)中枢神经系统异常,微血管病性溶血,破碎红细胞,高血压,血浆sC5b-9增高等。少见肝受累部分患者有腹水征

注:GVHD:移植物抗宿主病;HBV:乙型肝炎病毒;HCV:丙型肝炎病毒;HEV:戊型肝炎病毒;HSV:单纯疱疹病毒;CMV:巨细胞病毒;EBV:EB病毒;ADV:腺病毒;HHV-6:人类疱疹病毒6型;CNI:钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂;sC5b-9:可溶性补体膜攻击复合物

五、预防
1.一般原则:

避免SOS危险因素,包括祛铁治疗、避免肝炎活动期进行HSCT、预处理方案调整(减低强度、药代动力学指导BU用药、分次TBI等)、避免合用肝毒性药物、警惕某些药物应用(CD33/CD22单抗等)增加SOS风险;液体平衡管理(避免超负荷,同时维持有效血容、避免肾灌注不足);HSCT后早期应监测体重、腹围等变化。

2.预防药物:

①熊去氧胆酸(UDCA):随机对照临床试验(RCT)及荟萃分析显示UDCA可降低HSCT后SOS发生率[46,47,48,49]。部分研究未能观察到上述结果,但发现Ⅲ/Ⅳ度肝脏急性GVHD发生率明显下降,1年总生存(OS)率更优[50]。目前,UDCA在国内外已得到普遍应用[25,51,52]。推荐用法:UDCA 12~15 mg·kg-1·d-1,移植前开始服用,移植后100 d停药。②普通肝素或低分子量肝素:临床应用和试验研究较多,RCT及荟萃分析(包括儿童及成人)结论不一[7,53,54,55,56,57],国内应用较多。前列腺素E1(PGE1):相关RCT研究缺少一致性结论,国内应用较多。③中成药:复方丹参、复方川穹嗪等,国内部分移植中心有应用经验。④去纤苷(DF):提取自猪肠黏膜的一种单链多聚脱氧核苷酸复合物,机制尚未完全阐明。初步发现具有保护内皮、恢复血栓-纤溶平衡、抗凝及调节血小板活性等作用,不显著增加出血风险。DF是目前国外唯一获批的SOS治疗药物,尚未批准用于预防,但多个预防的RCT研究结果令人鼓舞[9,58,59]。荟萃分析显示,DF预防组SOS发生率显著低于对照组(4.7%对13.7%)[60]。除降低SOS发生率外,DF还可降低SOS相关死亡率及急性GVHD发生率[9,61,62]。推荐用法:DF 6.25 mg/kg,每6 h 1次,每次维持2 h静脉给药,自预处理开始用药,移植后30 d停药。

本共识建议,SOS高危患者,如有条件可选用DF预防,常规预防可选用UDCA、普通或低分子肝素、前列腺素E1及中成药等,也可联合用药,建议各中心根据各自经验选用[63]。鼓励积极开展相关的临床试验研究。

六、治疗

进行严重程度分级有利于分层治疗。约70%的轻症患者经暂停CNI等可疑药物并给予利尿、液体平衡管理等支持治疗即可恢复。暂停CNI时应审慎评估GVHD风险,必要时予糖皮质激素、霉酚酸酯、CD25单抗等药物替代。重度及极重度患者应立即启动特异性治疗。轻、中度患者接受支持治疗,严密观察并根据病情变化及时调整治疗方案,以防病情恶化。

1.支持治疗:

每日监测患者体重、腹围、尿量、出入量等,评估病情及治疗反应。去除可疑诱因,严格管理水钠摄入,利尿,输注白蛋白、血浆或成分血,维持循环血量和肾灌注。胸/腹腔大量积液时,可适度抽液以减轻压迫。低氧状态时给予氧疗或机械通气。必要时镇痛治疗,合并肾功能衰竭时进行血液透析或滤过治疗。重症患者建议转重症监护病房(ICU)或进行多学科会诊(MDT)。

2.特异性治疗:

常用药物包括DF、重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rh-tPA)、糖皮质激素等。

(1)DF:DF是欧美国家唯一批准的重度SOS治疗药物,疗效和安全性已被多个较高质量的临床研究证实。完全缓解(CR)率为25.5%~55.0%,100 d生存率为38.2%~58.9%(不伴MOF者达71.0%),儿童疗效优于成人,主要不良事件为出血(肺、消化道)[64,65,66,67]。一项纳入140例SOS患者的上市后Ⅳ期研究结果显示,DF治疗后100 d生存率为58%,其中重度病例生存率为79%,极重度病例为34%[68]。推荐用法:6.25 mg·kg-1·h-1(2 h静脉滴注),依据治疗反应用药2~3周。有出血风险患者,可根据经验酌情减量。获得CR或发生严重出血时,可停药观察。

(2)rh-tPA:属丝氨酸蛋白酶,与纤维蛋白结合后,诱导纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶,降解纤维蛋白,发挥溶栓活性。较早期的国外指南将其列为不能获得DF时的可选择药物之一,后基于较高的严重出血风险(近30%)而不再推荐[25]。近年国内陈峰等以低剂量rh-tPA(10 mg/d)为主方案治疗16例HSCT后重度/极重度SOS,CR率及100 d生存率均达到75%,无严重出血相关死亡[69,70]

(3)糖皮质激素:早期应用有一定疗效。甲泼尼龙(MP)0.5 mg/kg,每日2次,反应率为63%,100 d生存率为58%[71]。Myers等[72]应用MP治疗儿童SOS(500 mg/m2,每日2次),反应率为66.7%。应用时应警惕增加感染风险。

(4)其他:对治疗无反应、进展的SOS患者,如有条件,可尝试经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS)、肝移植等挽救治疗。

共识建议采取分层治疗策略,需特异性治疗的患者在支持治疗基础上可加用DF。目前DF尚未在国内上市,各中心可根据各自经验选择低剂量rh-tPA、糖皮质激素等治疗,鼓励开展相关的临床试验研究。

(执笔:陈峰、韩悦、张晓辉)

参与共识制定和讨论的专家(以专家所在单位的首字母排序,同一单位专家按照姓氏首字母排序):安徽省立医院(孙自敏);安徽医科大学第四附属医院(杨明珍);北京大学人民医院、北京大学血液病研究所(黄晓军、刘开彦、王昱、许兰平、张晓辉);北京协和医院(周道斌);重庆医科大学附属第一医院(刘林);福建医科大学附属协和医院(胡建达、杨婷);广西医科大学第一附属医院(赖永榕);海军军医大学附属长海医院(杨建民);河南省肿瘤医院(符粤文、宋永平);华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院(张义成);华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院(夏凌辉);解放军总医院第五医学中心(胡亮钉、刘代红);空军军医大学西京医院(高广勋);陆军军医大学第二附属医院(张曦);南方医科大学南方医院(刘启发);山东大学齐鲁医院(侯明);上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院(胡炯);上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心(陈静);上海市第一人民医院(宋献民);四川大学华西医院(刘霆);苏州大学附属第一医院(陈峰、韩悦、唐晓文、王荧、王兆钺、吴德沛);西安交通大学第一附属医院(张梅);新疆医科大学第一附属医院(江明);徐州医科大学附属医院(徐开林);浙江大学医学院附属第一医院(黄河、罗依);郑州大学第一附属医院(万鼎铭);中国医科大学附属盛京医院(刘卓刚);中国医学科学院血液病医院(韩明哲、姜尔烈);中南大学湘雅医院(徐雅靖)

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