Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) are ideal seed cells for cell therapy, which have been through many long-term studies of in vitro and animal disease model treatment and have been widely used in preventing and treating a variety of clinical diseases caused by aging and other damage, including bone injury and regeneration, neural degenerative and injury, myocardial injury, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, lung disease and so on. BMSCs application in the treatment of orthopaedic disease is the most common and effective. By retrospective literature review, we summarize the BMSCs transplantation application in Orthopaedic disease treatment. As an ideal cell source, BMSCs was first applied in bone tissue engineering, mainly used in the treatment of long bone defect and bone nonunion; Recently, the research trends of clinical BMSCs application turned to treat degenerative diseases and genetic disorders because of its great potential, including osteoarthrits, femoral head necrosis, disc degeneration, spinal cord injury, knee varus, osteogenesis hypoplasia, hypophosphatasia and so on. The safety and efficacy of BMSCs treatment are the key issues in clinical cell therapy. There is no side effects and complications after BMSCs treatment, prove its clinical application is safe. But due to type and degree of disease and individual differences, therapeutic methods including injection method, effective concentrations, treatment window selection, cycle and therapeatic effects have a bigger difference. There is still no uniform of recognized operation standards for the treatment of the same type of disease. So BMSCs transplantation requires effective control during whole medical process and its application in orthopedic diseases is still lack of large-scale multicenter clinical study. Therefore, this review focuses on induction, summary and analysis in the research status of BMSCs in bone disease treatment, and provide new ideas and methods for BMSCs transplantation in orthopaedic disease prevention and treatment.