Objective To investigate the effect of chemotherapy on immune function of resection of axillary lymph node positive reaction induced by BCG vaccination.Methods Forty cases with axillary lymph node positive reaction induced by BCG vaccination and underwent resection were selected as our subjects.Those all hospitalized from the first clinical medical college of Lanzhou University,Gansu Provincial Hospital and Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2008 to August 2012 and randomly divided into chemotherapy group (group A) and observation group (group B).Patients in group A were given oral rifampicin,isoniazid for 6 weeks at 1 week after operation.Patients in group B were with only surgery.Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin were measured at the 2nd and 8th week after operation.Results CD4 +,CD4 +/CD8 +,IgG in group A at 2 weeks after chemotherapy were (35.96 ± 4.62) ％,(1.90 ±0.15),(4.54 ±0.27) ng/L respectively,higher than that of group B((28.04 ±4.24)％,(1.73 ±0.84),(2.10 ± 0.35) ng/L,P ＜ 0.05),and there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+,IgG(t =3.343,2.017,2.017 respectively,P ＜0.05).No significant difference was seen at 8 weeks after chemotherapy.In group B,CD4+ level was (28.04 ±4.24)％ at 2 week after chemotherapy and (34.99 ± 1.72) ％ at 8 week after chemotherapy,the difference was significant (t =3.212,P ＜ 0.05),while there was no significant difference in group A.Ultrasound examination was showed no swollen of axillary lymph node in two groups after 1 year after surgery.Conclusion Early chemotherapy can improve immune function of patient with axillary lymph node surgery induced by neonatal BCG vaccination.No further improvement after surgery for long time.Considering the side effect of chemotherapy,it is not recommended for anti-tuberculosis treatment.