参考文献[1]
JiaY,LaoY,ZhuH, et al. Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug in treating type 2 diabetes? A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Obesity Reviews, 2019, 20(1): 1-12. .
[2]
AbdelgadirE,AliR,RashidF, et al. Effect of metformin on different Non-Diabetes related conditions, a special focus on malignant conditions:review of literature[J]. J Clin Med Res, 2017, 9(5): 388-395. .
[3]
FujitaY,InagakiN. Metformin: New preparations and nonglycemic benefits[J]. Curr Diab Rep, 2017, 17(1): 5. .
[4]
JohnsonJA,MajumdarSR,SimpsonSH, et al. Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(12): 2244-2248. .
[5]
KannelWB,McgeeDL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease:the Framingham study[J]. Diabetes Care, 1979, 2(2): 120-126.
[6]
PryorR,CabreiroF. Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets[J]. Biochem J, 2015, 471(3): 307-322. .
[7]
El-MirMY,NogueiraV,FontaineE, et al. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I[J]. J Biol Chem, 2000, 275: 223-228. .
[8]
Owen MR,DoranE,HalestrapAP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain[J]. Biochem J, 2000, 348 (Pt 3): 607-614. .
[9]
HardieDG. The AMP-activated protein kinase pathway--new players upstream and downstream[J]. J Cell Sci, 2004, 117(Pt 23): 5479-5487. .
[10]
ShawRJ,LamiaKA,VasquezD, et al. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in liver and therapeutic effects of metformin[J]. Science, 2005, 310(5754): 1642-1646. .
[11]
MillerRA,ChuQW,XieJX, et al. Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP[J]. Nature, 2013, 494(7436): 256-260. .
[12]
MadirajuAK,ErionDM,RahimiY, et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase[J]. Nature, 2014, 510(756): 542-546. .
[13]
AnabtawiA,MilesJM. Metformin: Nonglycemic effects and potential novel indications[J]. Endocr Pract, 2016, 22(8): 999-1007. .
[14]
WheatonWW,WeinbergSE,HamanakaRB, et al. Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis[J]. Elife, 2014, 3: e2242. .
[15]
DavisBJ,XieZ,ViolletB, et al. Activation of the AMP-activated kinase by antidiabetes drug metformin stimulates nitric oxide synthesis in vivo by promoting the association of heat shock protein 90 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase[J]. Diabetes, 2006, 55(2): 496-505. .
[16]
KalenderA,SelvarajA,KimSY, et al. Metformin,Independent of AMPK,inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPase-dependent manner[J]. Cell Metab, 2010, 11(5): 390-401. .
[17]
LanB,ZhangJ,ZhangP, et al. Metformin suppresses CRC growth by inducing apoptosis via ADORA1[J]. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 2017, 22: 248-257. .
[18]
ZhangZJ,ZhengZJ,ShiR, et al. Metformin for liver cancer prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(7): 2347-2353. .
[19]
HuxleyR,Ansary-MoghaddamA,Berrington De GonzálezA, et al. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies[J]. Br J Cancer, 2005, 92(11): 2076-2083. .
[20]
CerulloM,GaniF,ChenSY, et al. Metformin use is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing resection for pancreatic cancer[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2016, 20(9): 1572-1580. .
[21]
ZhangZJ,ZhengZJ,KanH, et al. Reduced risk of colorectal cancer with metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes:a meta-analysis[J]. Diabetes Care,2011, 34(10): 2323-2328. .
[22]
HeXK,SuTT,SiJM, et al. Metformin is associated with slightly reduced risk of colorectal cancer and moderate survival benefits in diabetes mellitus: a Meta-Analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(7): e2749. .
[23]
RamjeesinghR,OrrC,Bricks CS, et al. A retrospective study on the role of diabetes and metformin in colorectal cancer disease survival[J]. Curr Oncol, 2016, 23(2): e116-e122. .
[24]
SinghS,SinghH,SinghPP, et al. Antidiabetic medications and the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2013, 22(12): 2258-2268. .
[25]
LeeJH,JeonSM,HongSP, et al. Metformin use is associated with a decreased incidence of colorectal adenomas in diabetic patients with previous colorectal cancer[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2012, 44(12): 1042-1047. .
[26]
SmiechowskiBB,AzoulayL,YinH, et al. The use of metformin and the incidence of lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(1): 124-129. .
[27]
WanGX,YuXJ,ChenP, et al. Metformin therapy associated with survival benefit in lung cancer patients with diabetes[J]. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(23): 35437-35445. .
[28]
Menamin?C,CardwellCR,HughesCM. Metformin use and survival from lung cancer: A population-based cohort study[J]. Lung Cancer, 2016, 94(94): 35-39. .
[29]
LiuJ,LiM,SongB, et al. Metformin inhibits renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo xenograft[J]. Urol Oncol, 2013, 31(2): 264-270. .
[30]
SayyidRK,FleshnerNE. Potential role for metformin in urologic oncology[J]. Investig Clin Urol, 2016, 57(3): 157-164. .
[31]
YuH,YinL,JiangX, et al. Effect of metformin on cancer risk and treatment outcome of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiolog-ical observational studies[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(12): e116327. .
[32]
Klubo-GwiezdzinskaJ,CostelloJ,PatelA, et al. Treatment with metformin is associated with higher remission rate in diabetic patients with thyroid cancer[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 98(8): 3269-3279. .
[33]
JiralerspongS,PallaSL,GiordanoSH, et al. Metformin and pathologic complete responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in diabetic patients with breast cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2009, 27(20): 3297-3302. .
[34]
HadadSM,HardieDG,AppleyardV, et al. Effects of metformin on breast cancer cell proliferation, the AMPK pathway and the cell cycle[J]. Clin Transl Oncol, 2014, 16(8): 746-752. .
[35]
IliopoulosD,HirschHA,StruhlK. Metformin decreases the dose of chemotherapy for prolonging tumor remission in mouse xenografts involving multiple cancer cell types[J]. Cancer Res, 2011, 71(9): 3196-3201. .
[36]
EzewuiroO,GrushkoTA,KocherginskyM, et al. Association of metformin use with outcomes in advanced endometrial cancer treated with chemotherapy[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0147145. .
[37]
SolimanPT,ZhangQ,BroaddusRR, et al. Prospective evaluation of the molecular effects of metformin on the endometrium in women with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer: A window of opportunity study[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2016, 143(3): 466-471. .
[38]
ZouJF,HongLL,LuoCH, et al. Metformin inhibits estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer cell growth by activating the AMPK-FOXO1 signal pathway[J]. Cancer Sci, 2016, 107(12): 1806-1817. .
[39]
SeebacherV,BergmeisterB,GrimmCA, et al. The prognostic role of metformin in patients with endometrial cancer: a retrospective study[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2016, 203(203): 291-296. .
[40]
IsodaK,YoungJL,ZirlikA, et al. Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB in human vascular wall cells[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006, 26(3): 611-617. .
[41]
HaffnerS,TemprosaM,CrandallJ, et al. Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance[J]. Diabetes, 2005, 54(5): 1566-1572. .
[42]
De JagerJ,KooyA,LehertP, et al. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial[J]. J Intern Med, 2005, 257(1): 100-109. .
[43]
FaureP,RossiniE,WiernspergerN, et al. An insulin sensitizer improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity in high fructose-fed rats[J]. Diabetes, 1999, 48(2): 353-357. .
[44]
VitaleC,MercuroG,CornoldiA, et al. Metformin improves endo-thelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome[J]. J Intern Med, 2005, 258(3): 250-256. .
[45]
MatherKJ,VermaS,AndersonTJ. Improved endothelial function with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2001, 37(5): 1344-1350. .
[46]
GrantPJ. Beneficial effects of metformin on haemostasis and vascular function in man[J]. Diabetes Metab, 2003, 29(4Pt 2): 6S44-6S52. .
[47]
IsidroML,PeninMA,NeminaR, et al. Metformin reduces thyrotro-pin levels in obese, diabetic women with primary hypothyroidism on thyroxine replacement therapy[J]. Endocrine, 2007, 32(1): 79-82. .
[48]
VigerskyRA,Filmore-NassarA,GlassAR. Thyrotropin suppression by metformin[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006, 91(1): 225-227. .
[49]
YangX,DingH,QinZ, et al. Metformin Prevents Renal Stone Formation through an Antioxidant Mechanism In Vitro and In Vivo[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016,2016:4156075..
[50]
LundSS,TarnowL,FrandsenM, et al. Combining insulin with metformin or an insulin secretagogue in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 12 month, randomised, double blind trial[J]. BMJ, 2009, 339: b4324. .
[51]
WuRR,ZhaoJP,JinH, et al. Lifestyle intervention and metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain-A randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2008, 299(2): 185-193. .
[52]
KahnSE,HaffnerSM,HeiseMA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(23): 2427-2443. .
[53]
Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group[J]. Lancet, 1998, 352(9131): 854-865. .
[54]
DesiletsAR,Dhakal-KarkiS,DunicanKC. Role of metformin for weight management in patients without type 2 diabetes[J]. Ann Phar-macother, 2008, 42(6): 817-826. .
[55]
KusakaI,NagasakaS,HorieH, et al. Metformin, but not pioglitazone, decreases postchallenge plasma ghrelin levels in type 2 diabetic patients: a possible role in weight stability?[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2008, 10(11): 1039-1046. .
[56]
SpasićMR,CallaertsP,NorgaKK. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) molecular crossroad for metabolic control and survival of neurons[J]. Neuroscientist, 2009, 15(4): 309-316. .
[57]
CulmseeC,MonnigJ,KempBE, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase is highly expressed in neurons in the developing rat brain and promotes neuronal survival following glucose deprivation[J]. J Mol Neurosci, 2001, 17(1): 45-58. .
[58]
Santomauro JúniorAC,UgoliniMR,SantomauroAT, et al. Metformin and AMPK: an old drug and a new enzyme in the context of metabolic syndrome[J]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2008, 52(1): 120-125. .