参考文献[1]
KimHK. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: etiology, pathogenesis, and biology[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2011, 31(2Suppl): S141-146. .
[2]
ChaudhryS, PhillipsD, FeldmanD. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: an overview with recent literature[J]. Bull Hosp Jt Dis(2013), 2014, 72(1): 18-27.
[3]
AtsumiT, YamanoK, MurakiM, et al. The blood supply of the lateral epiphyseal arteries in Perthes’ disease[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2000, 82(3): 392-398. .
[4]
de CamargoFP, de GodoyRM Jr, TovoR. Angiography in Perthes’ disease[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1984(191): 216-220.
[5]
TheronJ. Angiography in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Radiology, 1980, 135(1): 81-92. .
[6]
ConwayJJ. A scintigraphic classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Semin Nucl Med, 1993, 23(4): 274-295..
[7]
LamerS, DorgeretS, KhairouniA, et al. Femoral head vascularisation in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: comparison of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced subtraction MRI with bone scintigraphy[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2002, 32(8): 580-585. .
[8]
JonsaterS. Coxa plana; a histo-pathologic and arthrografic study[J]. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl, 1953, 12: 5-98.
[9]
KimHK, SuPH. Development of flattening and apparent fragmentation following ischemic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in a piglet model[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002, 84-a(8): 1329-1334. .
[10]
ShapiroF, ConnollyS, ZurakowskiD, et al. Femoral head deformation and repair following induction of ischemic necrosis: a histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study in the piglet[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2009, 91(12): 2903-2914. .
[11]
CalvertPT, KernohanJG, SayersDC, et al. Effects of vascular occlusion on the femoral head in growing rabbits[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1984, 55(5): 526-530.
[12]
GlueckCJ, BrandtG, GruppoR, et al. Resistance to activated protein C and Legg-Perthes disease[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1997(338): 139-152.
[13]
GlueckCJ, CrawfordA, RoyD, et al. Association of antithrombotic factor deficiencies and hypofibrinolysis with Legg-Perthes disease[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1996, 78(1): 3-13. .
[14]
GlueckCJ, GlueckHI, GreenfieldD, et al. Protein C and S deficiency, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis: pathophysiologic causes of Legg-Perthes disease[J]. Pediatr Res, 1994, 35(4Pt 1): 383-388. .
[15]
EldridgeJ, DilleyA, AustinH, et al. The role of protein C, protein S, and resistance to activated protein C in Legg-Perthes disease[J]. Pediatrics, 2001, 107(6): 1329-1334. .
[16]
ArrudaVR, BelangeroWD, OzeloMC, et al. Inherited risk factors for thrombophilia among children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1999, 19(1): 84-87. .
[17]
BalasaVV, GruppoRA, GlueckCJ, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and thrombophilia[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2004, 86-a(12): 2642-2647. .
[18]
VosmaerA, PereiraRR, KoendermanJS, et al. Coagulation abnormalities in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2010, 92(1): 121-128. .
[19]
KooKH, SongHR, HaYC, et al. Role of thrombotic and fibrinolytic disorders in the etiology of Perthes’ disease[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2002(399): 162-167.
[20]
SirventN, FisherF, el HayekT, et al. Absence of congenital prethrombotic disorders in children with Legg-Perthes disease[J]. J Pediatr Orthop B, 2000, 9(1): 24-27. .
[21]
KandzierskiG, MalekU, GregosiewiczA, et al. Congenital disorders of hemostasis in children with Perthes disease[J]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Orthop Pol, 2004, 69(4): 225-227.
[22]
HreskoMT, McDougallPA, GorlinJB, et al. Prospective reevaluation of the association between thrombotic diathesis and legg-perthes disease[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002, 84-a(9): 1613-1618..
[23]
López-FrancoM, González-MoránG, De LucasJC Jr, et al. Legg-perthes disease and heritable thrombophilia[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2005, 25(4): 456-459. .
[24]
KenetG, EzraE, WientroubS, et al. Perthes’ disease and the search for genetic associations: collagen mutations, Gaucher's disease and thrombophilia[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2008, 90(11): 1507-1511. .
[25]
DouglasG, RangM. The role of trauma in the pathogenesis of the osteochondroses[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1981, (158): 28-32.
[26]
KandzierskiG, KarskiT, CzernyK, et al. In-vitro mechanical impacts on calves' proximal femurs: significance of mechanical weakening of the femoral head in the etiology of Perthes disease in children[J]. J Pediatr Orthop B, 2006, 15(2): 120-125. .
[27]
LarsonAN, KimHK, HerringJA. Female patients with late-onset legg-calve-perthes disease are frequently gymnasts: is there a mechanical etiology for this subset of patients?[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2013, 33(8): 811-815. .
[28]
ZhangJF, YangCJ, WuT, et al. A two-degree-of-freedom hip exoskeleton device for an immature animal model of exercise-induced Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2009, 223(8): 1059-1068. .
[29]
SuehiroM, HiranoT, MiharaK, et al. Etiologic factors in femoral head osteonecrosis in growing rats[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2000, 5(1): 52-56..
[30]
LuchtU, BungerC, KrebsB, et al. Blood flow in the juvenile hip in relation to changes of the intraarticular pressure. An experimental investigation in dogs[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1983, 54(2): 182-187..
[31]
KallioP, RyoppyS, KunnamoI. Transient synovitis and Perthes’ disease. Is there an aetiological connection?[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1986, 68(5): 808-811.
[32]
NeidelJ, ZanderD, HackenbrochMH. Low plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I in Perthes’ disease. A controlled study of 59 consecutive children[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1992, 63(4): 393-398..
[33]
CroftonPM, MacfarlaneC, WardhaughB, et al. Children with acute Perthes’ disease have asymmetrical lower leg growth and abnormal collagen turnover[J]. Acta Orthop, 2005, 76(6): 841-847. .
[34]
KealeyWD, LappinKJ, LeslieH, et al. Endocrine profile and physical stature of children with Perthes disease[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2004, 24(2): 161-166.
[35]
NeidelJ, SchonauE, ZanderD, et al. Normal plasma levels of IGF binding protein in Perthes’ disease. Follow-up of previous report[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1993, 64(5): 540-542. .
[36]
GrasemannH, NicolaiRD, HauffaBP, et al. Skeletal immaturity, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 serum concentrations in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (skeletal immaturity, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in LCPD)[J]. Klin Padiatr, 1996, 208(6): 339-343. .
[37]
MatsumotoT, EnomotoH, TakahashiK, et al. Decreased levels of IGF binding protein-3 in serum from children with Perthes’disease[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1998, 69(2): 125-128. .
[38]
RamajayamG, VigneshRC, KarthikeyanS, et al. Regulation of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins by thyroid stimulating hormone in human osteoblast-like (SaOS2) cells[J]. Mol Cell Biochem, 2012, 368(1-2): 77-88. .
[39]
AllainTJ, YenPM, FlanaganAM, et al. The isoform-specific expression of the tri-iodothyronine receptor in osteoblasts and osteoclasts[J]. Eur J Clin Invest, 1996, 26(5): 418-425. .
[40]
NeidelJ, BoddenbergB, ZanderD, et al. Thyroid function in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal study[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1993, 13(5): 592-597. .
[41]
BealsRK, CobanogluAM, CroyTJ. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following heart transplant in a child[J]. Pediatr Transplant, 2002, 6(5): 423-426. .
[42]
HummerCD Jr. Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in a child receiving corticosteroids: a case report[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1977(125): 65-67. .
[43]
代志鹏,郑稼,罗建平, 等. 儿童血液系统恶性肿瘤化疗后发生骨坏死的临床研究[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2017, 38(1): 68-71. .
DaiZP, ZhengJ, LuoJP, et al.Occurrence of osteonecrosis after chemotherapy for hematological malignancies in childhood[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2017, 38(1): 68-71. .[44]
朱明,俞松,曹江, 等. 糖皮质激素受体在Perthes病股骨头软骨及髋关节滑膜组织中的表达及意义[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2010, 31(1): 42-45. .
ZhuM, YuSong, CaoJ, et al. Expression of glucocorticoid receptor in the femoral head cartilage and coxa synovial membrane of Perthes disease[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2010, 31(1): 42-45..[45]
MazloumiSM, EbrahimzadehMH, KachooeiAR. Evolution in diagnosis and treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Arch Bone Jt Surg, 2014, 2(2): 86-92.
[46]
LeeJH, ZhouL, KwonKS, et al. Role of leptin in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. J Orthop Res, 2013, 31(10): 1605-1610. .
[47]
PillaiA, AtiyaS, CostiganPS. The incidence of Perthes’ disease in Southwest Scotland[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2005, 87(11): 1531-1535. .
[48]
PerryDC, BruceCE, PopeD, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in the UK: geographic and temporal trends in incidence reflecting differences in degree of deprivation in childhood[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(5): 1673-1679. .
[49]
JohanssonT, LindbladM, BladhM, et al. Incidence of Perthes’ disease in children born between 1973 and 1993[J]. Acta Orthop, 2017, 88(1): 96-100. .
[50]
PurryNA. The incidence of Perthes’ disease in three population groups in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1982, 64(3): 286-288.
[51]
LappinK, KealeyD, CosgroveA, et al. Does low birthweight predispose to Perthes’ disease? Perthes’ disease in twins[J]. J Pediatr Orthop B, 2003, 12(5): 307-310. .
[52]
García MataS, Ardanaz AicuaE, Hidalgo OvejeroA, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and passive smoking[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2000, 20(3): 326-330.
[53]
BahmanyarS, MontgomerySM, WeissRJ, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, other prenatal and perinatal factors, and the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Pediatrics, 2008, 122(2): e459-464. .
[54]
DanielAB, ShahH, KamathA, et al. Environmental tobacco and wood smoke increase the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012, 470(9): 2369-2375. .
[55]
DurmusB, KruithofCJ, GillmanMH, et al. Parental smoking during pregnancy, early growth, and risk of obesity in preschool children: the Generation R Study[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011, 94(1): 164-171. .
[56]
GunesT, KokluE, YikilmazA, et al. Influence of maternal smoking on neonatal aortic intima-media thickness, serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2007, 166(10): 1039-1044. .
[57]
Srzenti′c S, SpasovskiV, SpasovskiD, et al. Association of gene variants in TLR4 and IL-6 genes with Perthes disease[J]. Srp Arh Celok Lek, 2014, 142(7-8): 450-456. .
[58]
卢诚. TNF-α,IL-1β在Perthes病髋关节滑膜组织中的表达及意义[D]. 南昌大学,2014.
LuC. Expression and significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a and Interleukin-1β in the coxa synovial membrane of Perthes disease [D]. Nanchang:Nanchang University,2014.[59]
张开放,李政,姚永锋, 等. 股骨头骨骺缺血性坏死模型兔构建及组织病理学变化和p53与bcl-2的表达[J]. 中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2011, 15(2): 219-223. .
ZhangKF, LiZ, YaoYF, et al.Histopathological changes and p53, bcl-2 expression in rabbit femoral head Perthes models[J]. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Engine Res, 2011, 15(2): 219-223. .[60]
LiN, YuJ, CaoX, et al. A novel p. Gly630Ser mutation of COL2A1 in a Chinese family with presentations of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease or avascular necrosis of the femoral head[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e100505. .
[61]
LiuR, FanL, YinL, et al. Comparative study of serum proteomes in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2015, 16: 281. .
[62]
ZhangW, YuanZ, PeiX, et al. In vivo and in vitro characteristic of HIF-1α and relative genes in ischemic femoral head necrosis[J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2015, 8(6): 7210-7216.
[63]
ZhaoY, LiaoS, LuR, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism is associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2016, 11(5): 1913-1917. .