临床治疗指南
新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎外科手术治疗专家共识
中华小儿外科杂志, 2016,37(10) : 724-728. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2016.10.002
引用本文: 中华医学会小儿外科分会新生儿外科学组. 新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎外科手术治疗专家共识 [J] . 中华小儿外科杂志, 2016, 37(10) : 724-728. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2016.10.002.
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新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)是新生儿期特有的一种累及回肠和/或结肠的肠道炎症坏死性疾病,在早产儿中尤为多见,是严重威胁新生儿生命的最常见疾病之一[1,2,3]。近年来,随着早产儿救治技术的不断进步,早产儿病死率不断下降,但随之带来了NEC发病率的迅速升高。据统计,在出生体重低于1 500 g的早产儿中NEC发病率为5%~10%,病死率可达20%~30%,其中超过30%~50%的NEC患儿需要接受外科手术治疗[1]。目前临床上在NEC手术时机的掌握、手术方法的选择、肠造瘘方式、肠造瘘术后的营养支持、肠造瘘关闭时间的选择及术后并发症处理等仍面临难点及挑战[4]。因此,中华医学会小儿外科学分会新生儿外科学组系统分析国内外文献报道,结合我国现状及专家经验,对NEC外科手术时机、手术方法,肠造瘘手术方式及术后并发症的处理等达成共识,供同仁参考。

一、NEC手术时机
(一)NEC急性期手术时机

NEC急性期手术干预应在明确肠坏死出现后尽早进行[5]。但临床上早期缺乏判断肠坏死的特异临床征象及辅助检查方法,往往很难及时明确是否存在肠坏死,而更多的是依靠接诊医生的经验判断,因而极易造成手术时机判断的偏差。(图1)

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图1
NEC急性期手术时机
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图1
NEC急性期手术时机
1.绝对的手术指证

腹部X线片提示气腹,是目前公认的NEC绝对手术指证[5,6,7]。但对于发生气腹征象而临床暂时不能很好耐受手术的NEC患儿可以在积极非手术治疗的前提下,密切观察24~48 h,同时结合反复腹腔穿刺结果,在患儿各项实验室指标好转、内环境相对稳定而临床气腹症状没有消失或好转情况下,再考虑进一步手术探查[8]

推荐意见:对于出现气腹且腹腔穿刺液中可见粪汁或胆汁的NEC病例均应选择积极手术探查,对于无法耐受手术病例应积极加强非手术对症支持治疗,并在具备手术麻醉条件下积极手术探查。

2.相对的手术指证

对于未出现肠穿孔的NEC病例,在积极非手术治疗后病情继续进展恶化仍具备手术探查指征,但具体判断指标目前仍存争议。目前认为患儿出现持续性腹胀、便血进行性加重、非渗出性腹水、腹壁红斑、腹部出现可扪及的包块、低血压等临床表现均有手术探查指证。影像学资料提示存在门静脉积气、固定肠袢及严重的肠壁积气均提示NEC进展恶化亦有较强的手术指证。实验室检查发现NEC发病96 h内血培养阳性,发病24 h内出现低钠血症(<130 mmol/L),持续性严重酸中毒(pH<7.25),血小板减少(血小板计数<50 000/mm3),中性粒细胞缺乏(中性粒细胞绝对值<2 000/mm3)及C反应蛋白升高等均提示需要手术干预[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

推荐意见:对于非肠穿孔征象NEC病例,应结合临床症状、体征、实验室检查及影像学结果综合分析判断。如存在腹胀与便血等症状进行性加重、出现腹膜炎体征并进展恶化、腹部X线片发现肠袢固定、实验室检查提示存在严重感染、酸中毒及电解质紊乱等,且上述情况经积极非手术治疗无效后应选择手术探查。

3.诊断性腹腔穿刺术在判断NEC手术时机中的应用

诊断性腹腔穿刺(diagnostic abdominal paracentesis,DAP)仍然是目前临床上明确NEC肠管坏死及判断NEC病情进展的重要手段之一。DAP发现粪汁,胆汁或血性腹水均提示有手术探查指证[6,20,21,22]。目前更多建议DAP应用在非肠穿孔NEC病例辅助判断手术时机[5]。DAP超过0.5 ml自由流动的棕黄色液体,革兰氏染色含细菌可提示阳性结果。对于已明确肠穿孔的NEC病例,DAP结果并不作为判断手术时机的主要依据。

推荐意见:对于非肠穿孔或出现少量气腹但肠穿孔不明确的NEC病例,建议行诊断性腹腔穿刺辅助判断手术时机。对于明确肠穿孔NEC病例并不建议行诊断性腹腔穿刺结果。

4.床旁超声检查在判断NEC手术时机中的应用

床旁多普勒超声可以敏感地发现肠壁增厚、肠蠕动消失,、肠壁积液等肠管坏死征象,其判断肠管坏死的敏感度明显高于腹部X线,可达100%,有助于临床医生早期诊断肠坏死并准确把握NEC手术时机,尤其适合于病情危重、呼吸机支持中的早产儿,且对于手术指证难以把握的病例,床旁多普勒超声可反复多次进行。但超声检查结果不能单独作为判断手术时机的指标,而需与NEC临床症状、体征、实验室检查等相结合进行综合判断[23,24]

推荐意见:床旁多普勒超声可用于NEC病情危重且手术指证难以把握的病例中辅助判断手术时机。

(二)NEC后肠狭窄并发症的手术时机

肠狭窄是NEC急性期后最常见的并发症之一,在NEC患儿中发生率为9%~36%[18,25,26,27]。肠狭窄多见于NEC急性期后2~3个月内,迟发性的也可出现于发病后20个月[18]。NEC后肠狭窄好发于末端回肠及结肠,多发性狭窄较常见[18,28]。NEC后肠狭窄患儿主要表现为反复的喂养不耐受或反复的肠道感染、血便、生长不良或迟缓、腹胀或肠梗阻,禁食后可缓解,最终确诊则有赖于钡剂灌肠或消化道碘水检查[29,30]。NEC后肠狭窄一经确诊,均需手术治疗。对于钡剂灌肠未能确诊的NEC病例,如反复出现上述临床表现,腹部X线片表现为某一固定肠袢或小肠低位肠梗阻,梗阻近端肠腔扩大较明显,需高度怀疑NEC后肠狭窄可能,也应选择积极的手术治疗[29,30]。另外腹部B型超声在回肠狭窄的诊断上亦有一定帮助。

推荐意见:对于NEC急性病程控制1个月以上,钡剂灌肠检查明确存在肠狭窄的NEC患儿均应接受手术治疗。对于钡剂灌肠检查未能明确肠狭窄的NEC患儿,如临床出现反复喂养不耐受,反复腹胀,多次腹部摄片提示肠管管型充气且固定,应怀疑末端回肠肠狭窄可能,亦应积极手术探查。

二、NEC手术治疗方法
(一)NEC急性期手术方式

目前治疗NEC手术方式主要分为剖腹探查术与腹腔引流术两种[31,32]。近年来包括两项临床随机对照试验在内的多项研究结果显示上述两种手术方式在患儿存活率及早期预后等方面无显著差异[33,34,35,36]。NEC手术方式的选择主要取决于NEC病变部位、范围,患儿全身情况及是否合并其他系统脏器功能障碍等因素。因此,NEC手术方式的选择应针对不同的患儿制定个性化的治疗方案[37]。(图2)

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图2
NEC急性期手术方式
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图2
NEC急性期手术方式
1.剖腹探查术

剖腹探查手术治疗急性期NEC的目的包括控制感染,切除坏死肠管及尽可能保留足够长度的肠管[32,38,39,40]。NEC根据病变范围可分为局灶型(病变累计单个肠段),多病灶型(病变累计两个及以上肠段,但仍保留有超过50%的健康小肠)及广泛病变型(病变广泛累及小肠及结肠,剩余的健康肠管不足肠管总长的25%)[32,39]。手术方式的选择取决于患儿的体重、全身情况及NEC病变的部位及范围。因此,国内外学者提出了多种剖腹探查手术方式,如坏死肠管切除+肠造瘘术、坏死肠管切除+I期肠吻合术、单纯小肠造瘘术、"clip and drop"与"patch,drain and wait"等[31,32,41]

(1)坏死肠管切除+肠造瘘术

该术式是目前应用最为广泛、安全的外科手术治疗方法,适用于绝大多数NEC病例[5,31]。其优点在于切除NEC病变坏死肠管,迅速阻断NEC所引发的机体病理生理状态,有利于减少细菌移位及改善NEC患儿的感染状况[31]。然而,肠造瘘后会导致患儿机体大量水电解质丢失,营养、代谢及生长发育异常,可能出现的造瘘口回缩、脱垂、狭窄、梗阻及造口周围皮肤损伤等各种相关并发症均是临床面临的困难,且肠造瘘术后仍需要再次手术关闭造瘘等诸多问题[31,36,42]。有研究表明,肠造瘘术后并发症的发病率可高达68%[31]

(2)坏死肠管切除+I期肠吻合术

该手术方式保持了肠管连续性,避免肠造瘘带来的水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱、营养吸收障碍及造瘘口相关并发症,近年来,多项研究显示接受I期肠吻合手术的急性期NEC患儿术后存活率可达76%~89%,病死率在10%左右[31,43]。但由于NEC时存在肠管血供障碍、肠壁炎症及腹膜炎等,并不利于吻合口的愈合而极易导致吻合口漏等相关并发症[36,47]。也有学者发现接受I期肠吻合术的极低出生体重患儿存活率较肠造瘘患儿明显降低[31,44]。目前该手术方式主要应用于局灶型且患儿全身情况稳定病例,也有学者将该术式应用于多病灶型NEC病例中并获得良好效果[31]。迄今为止,对于该术式在NEC外科治疗中的应用仍存在争议。

2.腹腔引流术

该手术主要作为剖腹探查手术前的辅助治疗,应用于无法耐受剖腹探查手术的极低出生体重NEC肠穿孔病例(<1 000 g)。通过将腹腔中的粪汁和气体引流出体外来缓解肠穿孔所引发的腹腔间隙综合征,稳定和改善患儿全身感染情况,使患儿能够耐受后续的剖腹探查手术[31]。近年来,越来越多的专家尝试将腹腔引流术作为一种独立治疗NEC的手术方法[31]。但近期多项研究显示单纯应用腹腔引流手术并不能改善极低出生体重儿的预后,且引发许多并发症,降低NEC患儿存活率[45,46,47]

3.广泛病变型NEC的手术治疗

广泛病变型NEC病变坏死肠管广泛,患儿感染严重,全身状况不稳定,病死率高,处理十分棘手。对于该类型病例的处理并不追求一次性切除全部坏死肠管,而以稳定患儿的全身情况及等待可能出现的肠道功能愈合为主要目的。

(1)高位空肠造瘘术

该手术将远端病变的肠管减压并旷置,6~8周病情稳定后再次剖腹探查并重建肠道以尽可能保留足够长度的肠管[31,48]。该术式可有效提高广泛病变型NEC患儿的存活率,但未切除坏死肠管可能会导致进一步的细菌移位与感染进行性加重[31]

(2)"clip and drop"手术

该手术将病变坏死肠管切除,保留近远端肠管并用钛夹钳夹封闭肠腔后放回腹腔,48~72 h后再次剖腹探查评估肠管活性并行肠吻合术,术后存活率接近50%[31,49,50]

(3)"Patch, drain and wait"手术

该手术原则为不切除肠管,不行肠造瘘。打开腹腔后在双侧腹壁从膈肌下至盆腔放置烟卷引流并从下腹部引流出体外,并延迟关腹,经完全肠外营养,病情稳定2周以上再进一步行剖腹探查手术[51,52]。该手术方法适用于广泛病变型,病情危重且合并有严重腹腔间隙综合征的NEC病例。

推荐意见:对于确诊NEC并具备手术指证的病例,均应选择积极剖腹探查手术。对于极低出生体重儿与极早产儿同时明确存在持续性代谢酸中毒、严重血流动力学异常、高频呼吸机辅助通气、呼吸衰竭等危重病情暂时无法耐受麻醉手术的病例,可暂行床旁腹腔引流术,24~48 h病情好转且具备手术条件时,应积极行剖腹探查手术。

推荐意见:对于局灶型病例应首选坏死肠管切除+肠造瘘术,个别全身情况稳定的局灶型病例可行坏死肠管切除+I期肠吻合术。对于多发病灶型病例首选单纯性近端小肠造瘘术,如病变肠管广泛行小肠造瘘困难时可先选择"clip and drop"手术,病情稳定后再行二次剖腹探查手术。对于广泛病变型病例首选高位空肠造瘘术,如病变范围广泛,病情危重并合并严重腹腔间隙综合征,可选择"Patch, drain and wait"手术,病情平稳后再行二次剖腹探查手术。

(二)NEC后肠狭窄并发症的手术方式

对于确诊或高度怀疑肠狭窄的NEC患儿手术治疗是唯一途径。无论是NEC保守治疗后或I期肠造瘘术后出现的肠狭窄,I期肠切除肠吻合术均是首选术式[30]。术中应注意探查所有肠段以防多发狭窄,对于多发肠狭窄应根据多发狭窄肠管间的距离决定肠吻合口的数量。

推荐意见:对于NEC后肠狭窄病例均应行I期肠切除肠吻合术,多发肠狭窄病例应根据多发病变肠管之间的距离,在保证足够健康肠管长度的情况下尽量减少吻合口个数。

(朱海涛 执笔)

参与讨论专家:

参与讨论专家:全国新生儿外科学组组长、副组长及秘书(郑珊、汪健、蔡威、冯杰雄、陈永卫、陶强、沈淳)

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