Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease of the central nervous system, with unclear pathological mechanism and no effective repair strategy, and brings a heavy burden to patients′ families and society. It has been reported that microenvironment imbalance limits nerve regeneration after SCI. Improving microenvironment, promoting nerve regeneration and reconstructing neural network are the key strategies of SCI repair. At present, a large number of domestic and foreign studies focus on SCI and have made some achievements. This review summarizes the current situation and prospect of basic research hotspots such as molecular pathological mechanism, drug transformation, cell transplantation, etc.