131I治疗甲状腺癌
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
有关分化型甲状腺癌核医学相关诊治的指南更新
林岩松
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.03.006
Updates regarding nuclear medicine in guidelines for differentiated thyroid carcinoma management
Lin Yansong
Authors Info & Affiliations
Lin Yansong
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.03.006
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摘要

分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)因其发病率逐年增高而引人关注,伴随着诊断治疗手段的不断完善以及分子生物学等技术在DTC中的深入研究,有关其诊断及治疗指南也不断更新,作者就美国甲状腺协会(ATA)《甲状腺结节及甲状腺癌诊治指南》及美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南中的更新,针对复发风险分层系统、甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)、分子病理特征、核医学显像及实时动态评估体系在DTC 131I治疗前评估及治疗后随访中的意义进行简要解读。

甲状腺肿瘤;核医学;实践指南
ABSTRACT

With the increasing of incidence, differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has become a global concern. Over the recent decades, the guidelines for the management of DTC has been kept updating along with the development of molecular biology and improvement of diagnosis and treatment approaches. Here we focus on the updates regarding nuclear medicine management of DTC in American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) guidelines. A brief interpretation is related from the roles of following perspectives with regards to the evaluation before radioactive iodine therapy and during follow-up, including the value of recurrence risk stratification, thyroglobulin (Tg), molecular pathology, nuclear medicine imaging and ongoing evaluation system.

Thyroid neoplasms;Nuclear medicine;Practice guidelines
Lin Yansong, Email: mocdef.3ab618691gnosnaynil
引用本文

林岩松. 有关分化型甲状腺癌核医学相关诊治的指南更新[J]. 中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2018,38(3):172-177.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.03.006

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一、有关复发风险分层系统
分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma, DTC)具有较低的侵袭性特征,其肿瘤死亡风险仅为0.5/10万 [ 1 ]。因此,人们对DTC预后的关注由死亡风险逐渐转向复发风险。鉴于TNM分期系统不足以预测其复发风险,2009版美国甲状腺协会(American thyroid association, ATA)指南首次系统地提出了术后复发风险分层的概念,根据术中病理特征如病灶残留程度、病理亚型、包膜及血管侵犯、淋巴结转移及术后甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin, Tg)水平和 131I治疗后全身显像(posttreatment whole body scan, Rx-WBS)等权重因素将患者的复发风险分为低、中、高危三层 [ 2 ]
这一分层系统的提出使核医学科医师开始从复发风险角度来分层考虑DTC患者的 131I治疗决策。该风险评估体系先后经Tuttle等 [ 3 ]和Vaisman等 [ 4 ]采用治疗疗效反应评估等验证,已显示其能够很好地区分患者经 131I治疗后的临床预后,但尚存在局限性:未提及研究日趋深入的分子特征在其中的意义,例如,V-raf鼠肉瘤滤过性病毒致癌基因同源体B1(V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1, BRAF)基因突变与甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)复发风险密切相关 [ 5 , 6 , 7 ];笼统将淋巴结转移纳入中危分层,研究 [ 8 , 9 ]显示不同淋巴结转移特征的患者预后不同,例如淋巴结侵袭直径小于2 mm者的复发风险明显低于侵袭直径大于3 cm者(5%与27%~32%)。因此,2015版ATA指南将BRAF V600E突变这一分子特征与其他因素整合纳入复发风险分层,并在不同分层细化了转移淋巴结特征如数目及肿瘤侵犯特征,详细变化及修订见 表1 [ 10 ]。虽然细化的淋巴结病理特征对手术及术后详实的病理报告提出了更高的要求,在我国暂时尚难于普及应用,但其将有助于更加细化地把握患者的分层,并决策个体化术后 131I治疗及随诊方案。
分层 新增内容
低危 将下述情形亦纳入低危分层:
    病理检查发现5个淋巴结微小转移(最大径<0.2 cm)
    局限于甲状腺内,侵犯包膜,伴或不伴有血管微小侵犯(<4个病灶)的高分化甲状腺滤泡状癌
    局限于甲状腺内,单病灶或多病灶甲状腺乳头状微小癌(包括伴有BRAF V600E突变者)
中危 细化DTC淋巴结转移特征,纳入BRAF分子特征:
    临床发现淋巴结转移,或病理检查发现>5个淋巴结转移且所有转移淋巴结最大径<3 cm
    伴有甲状腺外侵犯和BRAF V600E突变的多病灶甲状腺乳头状微小癌
高危 强调Tg对远处转移的预测价值、细化DTC淋巴结转移及血管侵犯特征:
    术后血清Tg提示远处转移
    病理检查发现淋巴结转移且任一转移淋巴结最大径3 cm
    甲状腺滤泡状癌并伴有广泛的血管侵犯(>4个病灶侵犯血管)
2015版ATA指南复发风险分层新增内容

注:ATA为美国甲状腺协会,BRAF为V-raf鼠肉瘤滤过性病毒致癌基因同源体B1,DTC为分化型甲状腺癌,Tg为甲状腺球蛋白

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