综述
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾功能亢进的治疗
何维阳
王彦峰
熊艳
叶啟发
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-8118.2018.02.019
Treatment of hypersplenism in patients with portal hypertension of hepatic cirrhosis
He Weiyang
Wang Yanfeng
Xiong Yan
Ye Qifa
Authors Info & Affiliations
He Weiyang
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University; Transplant Center of Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan 430071, China
Wang Yanfeng
Xiong Yan
Ye Qifa
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-8118.2018.02.019
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摘要

脾功能亢进是肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的常见临床表现。临床治疗脾功能亢进的方法主要包括脾切除、部分脾栓塞和肝移植。脾切除和部分脾栓塞对脾功能亢进的疗效确切,其主要并发症为门静脉或脾静脉栓塞(PSVT)和感染。肝移植是治疗肝硬化所致脾功能亢进的理想方法,但肝移植术后患者仍可存在持续脾功能亢进。肝移植同时行脾切除或部分脾栓塞,对治疗肝移植术后持续脾功能亢进和改善移植肝功能有帮助,但也需警惕感染的风险。

脾功能亢进;脾切除;部分脾栓塞;肝移植
ABSTRACT

Hypersplenism is a common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension in hepatic cirrhosis. Clinical treatment of hypersplenism includes splenectomy, partial splenic embolization and liver transplantation. Splenectomy and partial splenic embolization are effective for hypersplenism, but the main complications are portal / splenic vein thrombosis (PSVT) and infection. Liver transplantation is an ideal method for the treatment of hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis, but patients with liver transplantation may still have persistent hypersplenism. Simultaneous splenectomy or partial splenic embolization which is performed with liver transplantation is a therapy of persistent hypersplenism. It can improve the function of graft but also increase the risk of infection.

Hypersplenism;Splenectomy;Partial splenic embolization;Liver transplantation
Ye Qifa, Email: mocdef.3ab61anihc_fqy
引用本文

何维阳,王彦峰,熊艳,等. 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾功能亢进的治疗[J]. 中华肝胆外科杂志,2018,24(2):133-135.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-8118.2018.02.019

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门静脉高压最常见于肝硬化患者,是食管静脉曲张出血、腹水或肝性脑病等相关并发症的主要驱动因素 [ 1 ]。随着门静脉高压的发展,门脉血会产生逆流,返回肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉,从而使脾脏不断充血、肿大,继发性充血性脾肿大和脾功能亢进会逐渐表现出来 [ 2 ]。脾功能亢进为门脉高压等病因引起脾脏病理性功能增加,循环血液中有形成分不同程度减少的一组症候群 [ 3 , 4 ]。目前,脾功能亢进的治疗方法主要有脾切除、部分脾栓塞(partial splenic embolization)和肝移植。
脾静脉血流占门静脉总血流量的20%~40%。脾切除术不但能有效缓解门脉高压 [ 5 ],纠正脾亢所致的白细胞及血小板的减少;而且还能改善肝功能 [ 6 , 7 ],辅助完成肝癌以及病毒性肝炎的干扰素治疗 [ 8 ]。Amin等 [ 9 ]报道,脾切除和部分脾栓塞后2周,患者血白细胞和血小板数量显著增多。Chen等 [ 10 ]报道,同时行肝切除术和脾切除术的患者,与单纯肝切除术比较,术后7天胆红素水平明显降低。Yamamoto等 [ 11 ]也报道,Child-Pugh B级肝硬化患者行腹腔镜脾切除1年后肝功能改善。脾切除能改善肝功能的机制可能与TGF-β、TNF-α等多种细胞因子有关。Akahoshi等 [ 12 ]研究表明,脾脏分泌的TGF-β能抑制肝脏的再生,脾切除能够改善肝硬化的治疗。Murata等 [ 13 ]报道,脾切除能逆转肝硬化所致Kupffer细胞功能和TNF-α分泌的下降,促进肝脏的再生。脾功能亢进导致的各类血细胞减少是病毒性肝炎干扰素治疗应用的一大限制 [ 14 , 15 ]。Inagaki等 [ 16 ]对19例丙肝肝硬化患者先行脾切除,随后施行干扰素治疗,结果患者的血小板减少症得到改善使干扰素治疗能够顺利进行。而且治疗的远期效应也较好,5年后患者的血小板数量增高肝功能也好转。
脾切除术按术式可分为开腹脾切除术和腹腔镜切除术。腹腔镜脾切除术是适用于良性条件下正常至中度肿大脾脏切除的金标准。与开放性脾切除术比较,腹腔镜脾切除术术后并发症较少,手术后恢复较好。但是,对于中度以上脾肿大、侧支循环丰富、出血风险大的患者,腹腔镜脾切除术技术难度大,且手术并发症多 [ 17 ]。后者主要有门静脉或脾静脉栓塞(portal or splenic vein thrombosis, PSVT)。Ikeda等 [ 18 ]报道,与开腹脾切除比较,腹腔镜脾切除术后PSVT的发生率较高。22例腹腔镜脾切除术患者中有12例并发了PSVT,而21例开腹脾切除术患者只有4例并发PSVT。Jiang等 [ 19 ]也报道,门静脉直径大于13 mm和年龄大于50岁是肝硬化门脉高压患者行腹腔镜脾切除术后并发PSVT的独立危险因素。脾切除术还有并发感染的风险,最严重的后果是爆发性的脾切除术后感染(overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, OPSI)。OPSI的发生风险主要与患者年龄、脾切除原因和免疫状态有关 [ 20 ]
肝移植可使患者的肝功能获得根本改善,是治疗门脉高压和脾功能亢进的理想方法。Pozzato等 [ 21 ]对15例肝移植患者术前和术后脾脏体积、门静脉流速等参数进行检查,结果显示肝移植术后患者平均脾脏体积下降17%,有9例患者脾功能亢进消失。Coelho等 [ 22 ]对71例肝移植患者进行观察,肝移植术后1个月,有58例患者的血小板减少症逆转,12例术后1年仍有血小板减少症,3例术后1年内血小板减少症再发。Egami等 [ 23 ]对55例亲体肝移植儿童进行研究发现,肝移植术后48个月内,患儿脾脏的体积持续减小,血小板数量持续升高。
尽管肝移植能改善脾功能亢进,但仍有部分患者术后脾功能亢进持续存在。这主要与患者肝移植术前脾功能亢进的严重程度有关。Stanca等 [ 24 ]的研究显示:在100例肝移植患者中有57例持续存在血小板减少症。与肝移植术后血小板数量恢复正常的患者比较,这些患者术前脾脏指数较高、血小板数量较低。Chen等 [ 25 ]研究了159例行亲体肝移植的患者,肝移植术后6个月121例患者脾脏体积正常,38例患者仍然存在脾肿大。术后持续脾肿大的患者肝移植术前脾脏体积以及术前和术后1个月门静脉及冠状静脉直径较大,而血小板数量较少。另外,肝移植术后是否存在脾亢还与移植肝的功能状态相关。Tutar等 [ 26 ]将48例行肝移植术的儿童分为移植肝无功能组和移植肝功能正常组,相比移植肝功能正常组,移植肝无功能组术后仍存在脾肿大和脾功能亢进。
肝移植术后持续存在的脾功能亢进可导致血小板减少、难治性腹水和胃肠道出血 [ 27 ]。肝移植同时行部分脾栓塞或脾切除是解决问题的有效方法。Sockrider等 [ 28 ]报道了3例肝移植术后仍存在脾功能亢进行部分脾栓塞的病例,其中2例脾亢状况得到缓解,1例再行脾切除术。Kim等 [ 29 ]报道了11例肝移植术后再行部分脾栓塞的病例,其中6例是因为肝移植术后血小板减少症,5例是因为肝移植术后难治性腹水。结果6例血小板减少症得到改善(但有2例复发),5例难治性腹水均得到缓解。脾切除或部分脾栓塞对预防肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size graft)和动脉盗血综合征(arterial steal syndrome ASS)也有一定帮助。
Yoshizumi等 [ 30 ]对113例肝移植患者资料进行分析显示,不行脾切除是肝移植术后小肝综合征发生的独立危险因素。肝移植同时行脾切除对移植肝体积(graft volume,GV)和受体标准肝体积(standard liver volume,SLV)比(GV/SLV)小于40%的亲体供肝移植患者预防小肝综合征有一定帮助。Umeda等 [ 31 ]报道在肝移植术前12~18小时行部分脾动脉栓塞不但可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量,并且可降低移植后门脉流速,减少移植后腹水的发生。动脉盗血综合征(ASS)为肝移植术后脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉分流了过多的肝动脉血流所致。其发生原因主要是肝移植术后门静脉高压导致肝动脉血流减低,肝阻力指数(hepatic resistive index RI)增加 [ 32 ]。据报道11.5%的原位肝移植患者并发ASS [ 33 ]。肝移植术后预防性脾动脉结扎有助于防止ASS的发生 [ 34 ]
尽管肝移植同时行部分脾栓塞或脾切除对于肝移植术后持续存在的脾功能亢进有一定的治疗效果,但肝移植同时行脾切除也有并发感染的风险。Samimi等 [ 35 ]研究表明,相比于单纯肝移植术患者,同时行脾切除的患者1个月病死率和1年病死率都较高,死亡的主要原因是败血症。因此不推荐肝移植术同时行脾切除术。Neumann等 [ 36 ]的研究也表明肝移植术同时行脾切除会增加患者机会性肺炎发生的风险。相比于脾切除术,部分脾栓塞较为安全。Elfeki等 [ 37 ]建议行部分脾栓塞时使用聚乙二醇微粒造成脾脏边缘的楔形栓塞。与常规的脾动脉主干栓塞比较,该法术后的感染风险较低,脾脓肿和败血症的发生率也较低。
综上所述,脾切除和部分脾栓塞对肝硬化门脉高压所致脾功能亢进虽有确切的疗效,但也有较多的并发症。肝移植术虽然也对改善脾功能亢进有帮助,但也存在肝移植术后持续脾功能亢进的状况。肝移植同时行脾切除或部分脾栓塞,对治疗肝移植术后持续脾功能亢进和改善移植肝功能有帮助,但也应该警惕感染的风险。
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