金属-金属髋关节置换术后体内金属离子蓄积及相关并发症的问题一直受到关节外科医生的关注;人工关节假体头颈交界处锥部腐蚀导致的金属离子问题,也是人工关节领域的研究热点。金属离子相关并发症的影响是否如预估的那样严重,其具体表现形式、作用机制等问题尚存在争议,对金属离子的临床检测方法及标准也没有统一共识。通过文献回顾对上述问题进行归纳总结,以期对金属离子相关并发症的问题有更深入的认识。金属离子相关并发症包括局部性和系统性,前者主要是局部组织不良反应,尤以假瘤为代表,但假瘤发生率及影响因素尚不明确;后者包括致癌性、致畸性等,但目前还没有明确的证据。钴铬等金属毒性的分子机制涉及诸多信号转导通路,其组织病理学机制包括巨噬细胞介导的非特异性免疫和淋巴细胞介导的特异性免疫,前者主要与磨损剂量有关、后者与金属敏感性相关,个体差异较大。金属离子浓度检测的方法目前较常用的是电感耦合等离子质谱耦合法。金属离子浓度临界值的确定对诊断有重要的指导意义,过去常用的标准是英国学者提出的7 μg/L,现在也有许多不同的意见。总而言之,目前认为髋关节置换术后金属离子相关并发症是由于钴铬金属离子激活非特异性免疫与特异性免疫共同作用的结果,异常激活的诸多信号通路导致了局部的软组织反应,而全身性并发症并没有明确的证据;对于金属离子浓度检测也没有统一标准,实际临床工作中不建议对此指标过于推荐,应综合评估患者情况。
The problems of metal ions accumulation and related complications after metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty have been concerned by joint surgeons. Furthermore, metal ions released resulting from taper fretting and corrosion at the head-neck junction of prosthesis are also research hotspot in the field of arthroplasty. Whether the complications associated with metal ions are as serious as expected, its specific manifestations, mechanisms and other issues are still controversial. There is no consensus on the clinical detection methods and standards of metal ions. The present study reviews the literatures and summarizes the above issues, in order to have a deeper understanding of these issues. As far as the form of complication is concerned, there are local and systemic reactions. The former is mainly an adverse reaction of local tissue, especially pseudotumor. However, the incidence of pseudotumor and its risk factors are controversial. There is no clear evidence of systemic complications such as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. The molecular mechanism of cobalt-chromium toxicity involves many signal transduction pathways, and its histopathological mechanism includes macrophage-mediated nonspecific immunity and lymphocyte-mediated specific immunity. The former is mainly related to the wear dose, while the latter is related to metal sensitivity with great individual difference. The method of metal ion concentration determination is still controversial. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is widely used at present, and the determination of metal ion concentration critical value has important guiding significance for clinical practice. Britain's 7 μg/L proposal was once discussed as a standard, while there are many different views currently. In summary, it is thought that the complication of metal ion after hip arthroplasty is the result of cobalt chromium metal ion activating nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Abnormal activation of many signaling pathways leads to local soft tissue reactions, while systemic complications do not have clear evidence. Furthermore, there is no uniform standard for the detection of metal ion concentration. This index is not recommended in clinical practice. We should have a comprehensive assessment of the patient's situation.
王一鸣,徐卫东. 髋关节置换术后金属离子相关并发症的研究进展[J]. 中华骨科杂志,2018,38(23):1469-1476.
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2018.23.008版权归中华医学会所有。
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