育龄期及准备妊娠女性均应筛查HBsAg,对于HBsAg阳性者需要检测HBV DNA
[
181
]。对于有抗病毒治疗适应证患者,可在妊娠前应用PegIFNα治疗,以期在妊娠前6个月完成治疗。在治疗期间应采取可靠的避孕措施。若不适合应用PegIFNα或治疗失败,可采用TDF抗病毒治疗。对于妊娠期间首次诊断CHB的患者,其治疗适应证同普通CHB患者,可使用TDF抗病毒治疗。妊娠前或妊娠期间开始服用抗病毒药物的CHB孕产妇,产后应继续抗病毒治疗,并根据病毒学应答情况,决定是继续原治疗方案,还是换用其他NAs或PegIFNα继续治疗。
目前美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and drug administration,FDA)批准用于儿童患者治疗的药物包括普通IFNα(≥1岁)、恩替卡韦(≥2岁)和TDF(≥2岁,且体质量≥10 kg)
[
6
,
190
]。我国已批准TAF用于青少年(≥12岁,且体质量≥35 kg)。PegIFNα-2a可应用于≥5岁CHB儿童
[
6
]。
慢性肾脏病患者、肾功能不全或接受肾脏替代治疗的患者,推荐恩替卡韦或TAF作为一线抗HBV治疗药物,或可根据患者情况选用替比夫定进行抗病毒治疗,不建议应用ADV或TDF
[
197
,
198
]。目前上市的NAs中,TAF在不合并HIV感染的患者eGFR≥15 mL /(min·1.73 m
2体表面积)时不需调整剂量,其他NAs在eGFR<50 mL /(min·1.73 m
2体表面积)时则需调整给药剂量,具体剂量调整方案可参考相关药品说明书。
不论CD4
+ T淋巴细胞水平如何,只要无抗HIV暂缓治疗的指征,均建议尽早启动抗反转录病毒治疗(Anti retroviral therapy,ART)。HIV和HBV合并感染者应同时治疗2种病毒感染,包括2种抗HBV活性的药物,高效抗反转录病毒治疗(Highly active anti retroviral therapy,HAART)方案NAs选择推荐TDF或TAF+拉米夫定或依曲西他滨(Emtricitabine,FTC)(其中TDF +FTC及TAF+FTC有合剂剂型)。治疗过程中需对HBV相关指标,如HBV DNA、肝生物化学指标、肝脏影像学指标等进行监测。对于HIV和HBV合并感染者,不建议选择仅含有1种对HBV有活性的NAs(TDF、拉米夫定、恩替卡韦、替比夫定、ADV)的方案治疗乙型肝炎,以避免诱导HIV对NAs耐药性的产生
[
200
,
201
]。
需要注意,肾功能不全患者:(1)如肌酐清除率<60 mL/(min·1.73 m
2体表面积),不能选择TDF或调整TDF剂量;(2)肌酐清除率<50 mL/(min·1.73 m
2体表面积)而>30 mL/(min·1.73 m
2体表面积),可考虑选择包含TAF+(FTC或拉米夫定)的方案。TAF尚未被批准应用于eGFR<30 mL/(min·1.73 m
2体表面积)患者;(3)不能使用TDF/TAF时,在HAART方案的基础上应加用恩替卡韦。妊娠期妇女:如HIV和HBV合并感染者为妊娠期妇女,建议使用包含拉米夫定(FTC)+TDF在内的用药方案
[
202
]。
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