指南与共识
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
中国成人糖尿病前期干预的专家共识
中华医学会内分泌学分会
中华医学会糖尿病学分会
中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会
中国研究型医院学会内分泌代谢病学分会
中国研究型医院学会糖尿病学分会
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20200115-00022
Intervention for adults with pre-diabetes: A Chinese expert consensus
Chinese Society of Endocrinology
Chinese Diabetes Society
Chinese Endocrinologist Association
Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Branch of Chinese Research Hospital Association
Diabetes Branch of Chinese Research Hospital Association
Authors Info & Affiliations
Chinese Society of Endocrinology
Chinese Diabetes Society
Chinese Endocrinologist Association
Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Branch of Chinese Research Hospital Association
Diabetes Branch of Chinese Research Hospital Association
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20200115-00022
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摘要

糖尿病前期的诊断标准迄今尚不统一,干预糖尿病前期能否带来微血管和大血管的长期获益也尚存争议。然而,在正常血糖与糖尿病之间的中间高血糖状态所产生的危害是明确的。糖尿病前期包括空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量受损(IGT)和IFG+IGT三类人群。目前对于IGT人群早期干预获益的证据比较充分,但缺乏单纯IFG人群早期干预对糖尿病及其并发症具有预防作用的证据。干预的方法应当首选以调整饮食和增加运动为主的生活方式干预,对于那些生活方式干预难以依从,但有预防意愿、经济条件允许、且经医生判断能够从药物干预中获益的人群,可以考虑药物干预。识别糖尿病前期的目的是,希望通过生活方式干预和(或)药物干预,预防或延缓该人群发展成为糖尿病,甚或预防糖尿病慢性并发症的发生。制订本共识的目的是进一步强化预防糖尿病的观念,明确哪些人群应该重点干预,如何具体实施干预,从而为广大医生,特别是全科和基层医生,提供一个可供参考的工具。

糖尿病前期;糖尿病预防;生活方式干预;药物干预
ABSTRACT

The criteria for the definition of prediabetes are not unified and whether prediabetes intervention has long-term microvascular and macrovascular benefits is also controversial. However, the harmfulness of intermediate hyperglycemic state between normoglycemia and diabetes is clear. Prediabetes includes impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and a combined form of IFG+ IGT. So far, evidence that early intervention is beneficial for diabetes prevention has been sufficient in the subgroup of IGT but not in that of isolated IFG. Lifestyle intervention, including diet control and physical exercise, is a cornerstone for the management of prediabetes. Pharmacological intervention is only considered for individuals who are difficult to adhere to lifestyle intervention, though having a willing to prevent the disease, or who are allowed by economic condition and are able to benefit from the intervention as judged by doctors. The purpose of identifying prediabetes is to initiate lifestyle intervention and(or) pharmacological intervention to prevent or delay the progression of prediabetes to diabetes or even to delay or avoid chronic diabetic complications. This consensus is aimed to strengthen the concept of diabetes prevention, to identify the key subgroups of prediabetes that should receive the intervention and to know how the intervention is implemented, thereby providing a practical tool for doctors, especially for general practitioners and primary care doctors.

Prediabetes;Diabetes prevention;Lifestyle intervention;Pharmacological intervention
引用本文

中华医学会内分泌学分会,中华医学会糖尿病学分会,中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会,等. 中国成人糖尿病前期干预的专家共识[J]. 中华内分泌代谢杂志,2020,36(05):371-380.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20200115-00022

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缩略词 英文全称 中文全称
2hPG 2-hour post-load blood glucose 糖负荷后2 h血糖
AACE/ACE American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology 美国临床内分泌医师协会/美国内分泌学院
ACE Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation 阿卡波糖心血管评价
ADA American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会
ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病
BMI body mass index 体重指数
CDRS Chinese diabetes risk score 中国糖尿病风险评分
CKD chronic kidney disease 慢性肾脏病
DPP Diabetes Prevention Program 糖尿病预防计划
DPS Diabetes Prevention Study 糖尿病预防研究
FPG fasting plasma glucose 空腹血糖
IFG impaired fasting glucose 空腹血糖受损
IGT impaired glucose tolerance 糖耐量受损
OGTT oral glucose tolerance test 口服葡萄糖耐量试验
PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome 多囊卵巢综合征
WHO World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
缩略语表
及时发现糖尿病前期人群并对其进行有效干预是预防或延缓糖尿病发生的关键。2019年7月9日,国家卫健委规划发展与信息化司、健康中国行动推进委员会印发的《健康中国行动(2019-2030年)》提出:提倡40岁及以上人群每年至少检测1次空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose, FPG),糖尿病前期人群每6个月检测1次FPG或餐后2 h血糖。糖尿病防治首次列入专项行动中。
糖尿病前期被认为是一种标志或分水岭,糖尿病前期的出现标志着将来发生糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、微血管病变、肿瘤、痴呆等疾病的风险增高。已有证据显示,有效干预糖尿病前期可明显降低其转化为糖尿病的风险。2014年中华医学会内分泌学分会发表了《中国成人2型糖尿病预防的专家共识》,其中对糖尿病前期的定义、筛查、干预及管理提出了指导性建议。为满足我国糖尿病防控新形势的需要,本共识专家组在全面梳理相关循证医学证据的基础上,制订了《中国成人糖尿病前期干预专家共识》,以期为广大医生(特别是全科和基层医生)提供更具实用性和可操作性的糖尿病前期干预的指导工具。
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附录
附录1
饮食计划的制订

1.计算理想体重:方法1,理想体重(kg)=身高(cm)-105。在此值±10%以内均属正常范围,低于此值20%为消瘦,超过20%为肥胖;方法2,BMI(kg/m 2)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)] 2。BMI 18.5~23.9 kg/m 2为正常,<18.5 kg/m 2属于消瘦,≥24.0 kg/m 2属于超重,≥28.0 kg/m 2为肥胖。

2.计算每日所需热量:根据理想体重和体力劳动情况,计算出每日需要摄入食物的总热量,每日所需要的总热量=理想体重×每kg体重所需要的热量(见附录1 表1 )。

劳动强度 举例 kCal·kg -1(理想体重)·d -1
消瘦 正常 肥胖
休息 20~25 15~20 15
轻体力劳动 办公室职员、教师、售货员、简单家务、或与其相当的活动量 35 30 20~25
中体力劳动 学生、司机、外科医生、体育教师、一般农活、或与其相当的活动量 40 35 30
重体力劳动 建筑工、搬运工、冶炼工、重体力农活、运动员、舞蹈者,或与其相当的活动量 45 40 35
不同体力劳动的热量需求表

3.分配三大营养物质的摄取(附录1 表2 )。

名称 提供能量占每日总热量比例 来源 每克提供热量(kCal)
碳水化合物 50%~60% 谷类、薯类、豆类 4
蛋白质 15%~20% 动物性蛋白(瘦肉、鱼、虾等)、植物性蛋白(黄豆及其制品、谷类) 4
脂肪 ≤30% 饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸 9
三大营养物质提供热量百分比及换算

4.按照饮食估算法合理分配膳食。

5.饮食注意事项:

(1)脂肪酸的摄入:建议采用低脂、低饱和脂肪酸及低反式脂肪酸的饮食方案,烹饪时尽量采用植物油,使饱和脂肪酸摄入占总脂肪酸摄入的30%以下。

(2)膳食纤维的摄入:膳食纤维具有降低餐后血糖、降血脂、改善葡萄糖耐量的作用。豆类、富含纤维的谷物类、水果、蔬菜及全谷物食物均为膳食纤维的良好来源。建议适当进食粗粮等富含膳食纤维的食物,但应同时计入每日总热量。

(3)限盐限酒:建议糖尿病前期个体控制血压,每日限盐6 g;不建议饮酒,或饮酒时必须计入总热量,每克酒精可提供7 kCal的热量。

附录2
中国糖尿病风险评分(CDRS)
评分指标 分值
年龄(岁)  
  20~24 0
  25~34 4
  35~39 8
  40~44 11
  45~49 12
  50~54 13
  55~59 15
  60~64 16
  65~74 18
BMI(kg/m 2)  
  <22 0
  22~23.9 1
  24~29.9 3
  ≥30 5
腰围(cm)  
  男性<75,女性<70 0
  男性75~79.9,女性70~74.9 3
  男性80~84.9,女性75~79.9 5
  男性85~89.9,女性80~84.9 7
  男性90~94.9,女性85~89.9 8
  男性≥95,女性≥90 10
收缩压(mmHg)  
  <110 0
  110~119 1
  120~129 3
  130~139 6
  140~149 7
  150~159 8
  ≥160 10
糖尿病家族史(父母、同胞、子女)  
  0
  6
性别  
  女性 0
  男性 2
展开表格
附录3
口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)方法和注意事项

1.晨7∶00~9∶00时开始,受试者空腹(8~12 h)后口服溶于300 ml水内的无水葡萄糖粉75 g,如用含1分子结晶水葡萄糖则为82.5 g。糖水在5 min之内服完。

2.从服第1口糖水开始计时,于服糖前和服糖后2 h分别在前臂采静脉血浆检测血糖。

3.试验过程中,受试者不喝茶和咖啡,不吸烟,不做剧烈运动,但无须绝对卧床。

4.血标本应尽早送检。

5.试验前3天内,每日碳水化合物摄入量不少于150 g。

6.试验前3~7天,停用可能影响OGTT结果的药物,如避孕药、利尿剂或苯妥英钠等。

附录4
随访记录表
初次随访
  病史、家族史
  体检信息
  糖尿病危险因素
  口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)
  健康教育
  诊疗计划
6个月(面对面或电话随访)
  评价血糖控制
  检查治疗计划
  体重
  体检(如需要)
至少每12个月1次
  OGTT
  体重
  其他心脑血管疾病危险因素
  体检(如需要)
展开表格
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A
母义明(中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853),Email: nc.defmoabc.latipsoh103gnimiyum
B
朱大龙(南京鼓楼医院内分泌科 210008),Email: nc.defudabe.ujngnoladuhz
C
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