首页 中华结核和呼吸杂志 2021年44卷03期 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)
中华结核和呼吸杂志
期刊首页
过刊列表
高级检索
稿件发表
• 诊疗方案 •
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组
中国医师协会呼吸医师分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病工作委员会
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210109-00031
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (revised version 2021)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Group of Chinese Thoracic Society
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physician
Authors Info & Affiliations
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Group of Chinese Thoracic Society
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physician
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210109-00031
74411
17243
1
43
1016
227
扫描转手机阅读
下载中华医学期刊APP阅读更流畅 体验更丰富
PDF下载
APP内阅读
摘要
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)是最常见的慢性气道疾病。我国慢阻肺领域的专家们通过检索和整合近年来慢阻肺领域的研究进展,对“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2013年修订版)”进行了重新修订。本次修订提出了将危险因素、筛查问卷和普及肺功能应用相结合的策略,期望提高慢阻肺的早期诊断率,减少漏诊;对疾病综合评估、稳定期药物治疗、急性加重的评估、规范化治疗、后续访视和预防未来的急性加重等方面根据最新的研究证据做出了相应的调整,并对慢阻肺诊疗及临床研究方向提出了新的思考和展望。
引用本文
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病工作委员会. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2021,44(03):170-205.
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210109-00031PERMISSIONS
Request permissions for this article from CCC.
评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
5分
[累计3个]
向我们报错
版权归中华医学会所有。
未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计。
除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。
前言
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)是最常见的慢性气道疾病,也是健康中国2030行动计划中重点防治的疾病。慢阻肺诊治指南是临床防治诊治的重要指引,对规范诊治行为,保证医疗质量,提高临床工作水平,从而更有效地减轻患者的病痛,提高生命质量,降低病死率,减轻疾病负担,具有重要的意义。基于我国实际情况并结合国内外慢阻肺研究进展,尤其是慢阻肺全球倡议(global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease,GOLD)颁布的“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、处理和预防全球策略”,中华医学会呼吸病学分会组织专家先后编写制定了“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治规范(草案)(1997年)
[
1
]
”“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2001年)
[
2
]
”“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2007年修订版)
[
3
]
”“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2013年修订版)
[
4
]
”等,上述文件在临床工作和科学研究中均起到了重要的指导作用。
2013年以来,我国与慢阻肺有关的临床科研工作获得了重大进展,同时国际学术界对慢阻肺的认识也发生了深刻变化。GOLD学术委员会对GOLD 2017进行了全面的修订,包括定义、发病机制、综合评估、个体化治疗、急性加重和合并症等,GOLD 2018、2019、2020和2021分别在GOLD 2017版本的基础上进行了每年的修订,其中不乏中国研究团队的贡献。为了及时反映国内外的研究进展,更好地指导我国慢阻肺的临床诊治和研究工作,中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组和中国医师协会呼吸医师分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病工作委员会组织专家对“慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2013年修订版)”进行了修订。
试读结束,您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
已是订阅账户?
登录
参考文献
1
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊治规范(草案)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 1997,20(4):199-203.
2
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2002,41(9):640-646.
3
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2007年修订版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2007,30(1):8-17.
4
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2013年修订版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2013,36(4):255-264. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2013.04.007
.
5
Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020 REPORT)[EB/OL]. [ 2019-12-20]. https://goldcopd.org/goldreports/.
6
Zhong N , Wang C , Yao W ,et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a large, population-based survey[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007,176(8):753-760. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200612-1749OC
.
7
Wang C , Xu J , Yang L ,et al. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study[J]. Lancet, 2018,391(10131):1706-1717. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30841-9
.
8
GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016[J]. Lancet, 2017,390(10100):1151-1210. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9
.
9
Zhou M , Wang H , Zeng X ,et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. Lancet, 2019,94(10204):1145-1158. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1
.
10
Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021 REPORT)[EB/OL]. [ 2020-11-18]. https://goldcopd.org/gold reports/.
11
Stoller JK , Aboussouan LS . Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency[J]. Lancet, 2005,365(9478):2225-2236. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66781-5
.
12
Ding Z , Wang K , Li J ,et al. Association between glutathione S-transferase gene M1 and T1 polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: A meta-analysis[J]. Clin Genet, 2019,95(1):53-62. DOI:
10.1111/cge.13373
.
13
Hunninghake GM , Cho MH , Tesfaigzi Y ,et al. MMP12, lung function, and COPD in high-risk populations[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009,361(27):2599-2608. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa0904006
.
14
Pillai SG , Ge D , Zhu G ,et al. A genome-wide association study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): identification of two major susceptibility loci[J]. PLoS Genet, 2009,5(3):e1000421. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1000421
.
15
Sakornsakolpat P , Prokopenko D , Lamontagne M ,et al. Genetic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identifies heterogeneous cell-type and phenotype associations[J]. Nat Genet, 2019,51(3):494-505. DOI:
10.1038/s41588-018-0342-2
.
16
Silverman EK , Weiss ST , Drazen JM ,et al. Gender-related differences in severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000,162(6):2152-2158. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.2003112
.
17
Fang L , Gao P , Bao H ,et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a nationwide prevalence study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(6):421-430. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30103-6
.
18
Barker DJ , Godfrey KM , Fall C ,et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease[J]. BMJ, 1991,303(6804):671-675. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.303.6804.671
.
19
Stern DA , Morgan WJ , Wright AL ,et al. Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study[J]. Lancet, 2007,370(9589):758-764. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61379-8
.
20
Silva GE , Sherrill DL , Guerra S ,et al. Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study[J]. Chest, 2004,126(1):59-65. DOI:
10.1378/chest.126.1.59
.
21
de Marco R , Accordini S , Marcon A ,et al. Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011,183(7):891-897. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201007-1125OC
.
22
冉丕鑫,王辰,姚婉贞,等. 体重指数与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及生活质量的关系[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2007,30(1):18-22. DOI:
10.3760/j:issn:1001-0939.2007.01.005
.
23
冉丕鑫. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患病危险因素及其预防[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2007,30(2):141-143. DOI:
10.3760/j:issn:1001-0939.2007.02.027
.
24
Li J , Qin C , Lv J ,et al. Solid Fuel Use and Incident COPD in Chinese Adults: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank[J]. Environ Health Perspect, 2019,127(5):57008. DOI:
10.1289/EHP2856
.
25
Zhou Y , Zou Y , Li X ,et al. Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study[J]. PLoS Med, 2014,11(3):e1001621. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001621
.
26
Liu S , Zhou Y , Liu S ,et al. Association between exposure to ambient particulate matter and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a cross-sectional study in China[J]. Thorax, 2017,72(9):788-795. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208910
.
27
Zhou Y , Hu G , Wang D ,et al. Community based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Guangdong, China: cluster randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ, 2010,341:c6387. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.c6387
.
28
Liang L , Cai Y , Barratt B ,et al. Associations between daily air quality and hospitalisations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, 2013-17: an ecological analysis[J]. Lancet Planet Health, 2019,3(6):e270-e279. DOI:
10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30085-3
.
29
Guerra S , Sherrill DL , Venker C ,et al. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk[J]. Thorax, 2009,64(10):894-900. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2008.110619
.
30
Kim V , Han MK , Vance GB ,et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPD Gene Study[J]. Chest, 2011,140(3):626-633. DOI:
10.1378/chest.10-2948
.
31
Barnes PJ . COPD 2020: new directions needed[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2020,319(5):L884-884L886. DOI:
10.1152/ajplung.00473.2020
.
32
Hogg JC , Timens W . The pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Annu Rev Pathol, 2009,4:435-459. DOI:
10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092145
.
33
Hogg JC , McDonough JE , Gosselink JV ,et al. What drives the peripheral lung-remodeling process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?[J]. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2009,6(8):668-672. DOI:
10.1513/pats.200907-079DP
.
34
Koo HK , Vasilescu DM , Booth S ,et al. Small airways disease in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(8):591-602. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30196-6
.
35
Casaburi R , Maltais F , Porszasz J ,et al. Effects of tiotropium on hyperinflation and treadmill exercise tolerance in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2014,11(9):1351-1361. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201404-174OC
.
36
朱贵卿. 呼吸内科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 1984.
37
Allinson JP , Hardy R , Donaldson GC ,et al. The Presence of Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion across Adult Life in Relation to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Development[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016,193(6):662-672. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201511-2210OC
.
38
Smith M , Li L , Augustyn M ,et al. Prevalence and correlates of airflow obstruction in ∼317, 000 never-smokers in China[J]. Eur Respir J, 2014,44(1):66-77. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00152413
.
39
Perret JL , Matheson MC , Gurrin LC ,et al. Childhood measles contributes to post-bronchodilator airflow obstruction in middle-aged adults: A cohort study[J]. Respirology, 2018,23(8):780-787. DOI:
10.1111/resp.13297
.
40
Jenkins VA , Savic M , Kandeil W . Pertussis in high-risk groups: an overview of the past quarter-century[J]. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020,16(11):2609-2617. DOI:
10.1080/21645515.2020.1738168
.
41
McCloskey SC , Patel BD , Hinchliffe SJ ,et al. Siblings of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a significant risk of airflow obstruction[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001,164(8Pt 1):1419-1424. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2105002
.
42
Donaldson GC , Goldring JJ , Wedzicha JA . Influence of season on exacerbation characteristics in patients with COPD[J]. Chest, 2012,141(1):94-100. DOI:
10.1378/chest.11-0281
.
43
Barnes PJ , Celli BR . Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2009,33(5):1165-1185. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00128008
.
44
钟南山. 呼吸病学[M]. 2版. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2014.
45
蔡柏蔷. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、处理和预防全球策略(2017GOLD报告)解读[J]. 国际呼吸杂志, 2017,37(1):6-17. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-436X.2017.01.002
.
46
蔡伯蔷,李龙芸. 协和呼吸病学[M]. 北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2005.
47
Grönberg AM , Slinde F , Engström CP ,et al. Dietary problems in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2005,18(6):445-452. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-277X.2005.00649.x
.
48
Balasubramanian A , MacIntyre NR , Henderson RJ ,et al. Diffusing Capacity of Carbon Monoxide in Assessment of COPD[J]. Chest, 2019,156(6):1111-1119. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2019.06.035
.
49
Boutou AK , Shrikrishna D , Tanner RJ ,et al. Lung function indices for predicting mortality in COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2013,42(3):616-625. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00146012
.
50
Fabbri LM , Romagnoli M , Corbetta L ,et al. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003,167(3):418-424. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200203-183OC
.
51
Bhatt SP , Balte PP , Schwartz JE ,et al. Discriminative Accuracy of FEV1:FVC Thresholds for COPD-Related Hospitalization and Mortality[J]. JAMA, 2019,321(24):2438-2447. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2019.7233
.
52
朱蕾. 临床肺功能[M]. 2版. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2014.
53
张红斌,鲍洁,赵敏. 深吸气量与肺总量的比值对慢性阻塞性肺病患者预后的分析[J]. 临床荟萃, 2007,22(18):1327-1328. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2007.18.015
.
54
Albuquerque AL , Nery LE , Villaça DS ,et al. Inspiratory fraction and exercise impairment in COPD patients GOLD stages Ⅱ-Ⅲ[J]. Eur Respir J, 2006,28(5):939-944. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.06.00040506
.
55
Casanova C , Cote C , de Torres JP ,et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005,171(6):591-597. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200407-867OC
.
56
中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺功能专业组. 肺功能检查指南——肺弥散功能检查[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2015,38(3):164-169. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2015.03.003
.
57
中华医学会,中华医学会杂志社,中华医学会全科医学分会,等. 慢性肺源性心脏病基层诊疗指南(2018年)[J]. 中华全科医师杂志, 2018,17(12):959-965. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7368.2018.12.002
.
58
呼吸系统疾病.// 葛均波,徐永健. 内科学[M]. 8版. 北京:人民卫生出版社.
59
Kim SS , Seo JB , Lee HY ,et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lobe-based visual assessment of volumetric CT by Using standard images--comparison with quantitative CT and pulmonary function test in the COPDGene study[J]. Radiology, 2013,266(2):626-635. DOI:
10.1148/radiol.12120385
.
60
Labaki WW , Martinez CH , Martinez FJ ,et al. The Role of Chest Computed Tomography in the Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017,196(11):1372-1379. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201703-0451PP
.
61
中华医学会,中华医学会杂志社,中华医学会全科医学分会,等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南(2018年)[J]. 中华全科医师杂志, 2018,17(11):856-870. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7368.2018.11.002
.
62
Galbán CJ , Han MK , Boes JL ,et al. Computed tomography-based biomarker provides unique signature for diagnosis of COPD phenotypes and disease progression[J]. Nat Med, 2012,18(11):1711-1715. DOI:
10.1038/nm.2971
.
63
Han MK , Kazerooni EA , Lynch DA ,et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes[J]. Radiology, 2011,261(1):274-282. DOI:
10.1148/radiol.11110173
.
64
Subramanian DR , Gupta S , Burggraf D ,et al. Emphysema-and airway-dominant COPD phenotypes defined by standardised quantitative computed tomography[J]. Eur Respir J, 2016,48(1):92-103. DOI:
10.1183/13993003.01878-2015
.
65
夏艺,管宇,范丽,等. 高分辨率CT容积定量技术在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用研究[J]. 医学影像学杂志, 2013,23(8):1219-1222. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9011.2013.08.023
.
66
Kelly AM , McAlpine R , Kyle E . How accurate are pulse oximeters in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airways disease?[J]. Respir Med, 2001,95(5):336-340. DOI:
10.1053/rmed.2001.1046
.
67
Rabe KF , Hurd S , Anzueto A ,et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007,176(6):532-555. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO
.
68
Yohannes AM , Ershler WB . Anemia in COPD: a systematic review of the prevalence, quality of life, and mortality[J]. Respir Care, 2011,56(5):644-652. DOI:
10.4187/respcare.01002
.
69
Zhou YM , Chen SY , Tian J ,et al. Development and validation of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening questionnaire in China[J]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2013,17(12):1645-1651. DOI:
10.5588/ijtld.12.0995
.
70
Kang J , Zheng J , Cai B ,et al. Current situation of asthma-COPD overlap in Chinese patients older than 40 years with airflow limitation: a multicenter, cross-sectional, non-interventional study[J]. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2020,14:1753466620961699. DOI:
10.1177/1753466620961699
.
71
Zhou A , Luo L , Liu N ,et al. Prospective development of practical screening strategies for diagnosis of asthma-COPD overlap[J]. Respirology, 2020,25(7):735-742. DOI:
10.1111/resp.13743
.
72
Fletcher CM . Standardised questionnaire on respiratory symptoms: a statement prepared and approved by the MRC Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis (MRC breathlessness score)[J]. BMJ, 1960,2:1662.
73
Jones PW , Harding G , Berry P ,et al. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test[J]. Eur Respir J, 2009,34(3):648-654. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00102509
.
74
Zheng Z , Wu Z , Liu N ,et al. Silent aspiration in patients with exacerbation of COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2016,48(2):570-573. DOI:
10.1183/13993003.00007-2016
.
75
Liu N , Li Y , Chen P ,et al. Effects of exercise-induced dyspnoea on the aspiration rate among patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Clin Respir J, 2019,13(7):446-452. DOI:
10.1111/crj.13030
.
76
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 中国临床戒烟指南:2015年版[M]. 人民卫生出版社, 2015.
77
陈萍,赵海涛. 长效β2受体激动剂和长效抗胆碱能药物治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病机制与用药选择[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2015,35(5):392-394. DOI:
10.7504/nk2015040105
.
78
童朝晖. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病维持治疗期吸入药物的研究进展[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42(5):398-400. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.05.017
.
79
周露茜,高永华,陈荣昌. 长效支气管舒张剂——慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期治疗的一线基础药物[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2013,36(9):715-717. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2013.09.025
.
80
Higgins BG , Powell RM , Cooper S ,et al. Effect of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on airway calibre and bronchial reactivity in asthma and chronic bronchitis[J]. Eur Respir J, 1991,4(4):415-420.
81
Vathenen AS , Britton JR , Ebden P ,et al. High-dose inhaled albuterol in severe chronic airflow limitation[J]. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1988,138(4):850-855. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm/138.4.850
.
82
Kew KM , Mavergames C , Walters JA . Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, (10):CD010177. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD010177.pub2
.
83
Han J , Dai L , Zhong N . Indacaterol on dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2013,13:26. DOI:
10.1186/1471-2466-13-26
.
84
Geake JB , Dabscheck EJ , Wood-Baker R ,et al. Indacaterol, a once-daily beta2-agonist, versus twice-daily beta₂- agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015,1:CD010139. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD010139.pub2
.
85
Seberová E , Andersson A . Oxis (formoterol given by Turbuhaler) showed as rapid an onset of action as salbutamol given by a pMDI[J]. Respir Med, 2000,94(6):607-611. DOI:
10.1053/rmed.2000.0788
.
86
Cheer SM , Scott LJ . Formoterol: a review of its use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Med, 2002,1(4):285-300. DOI:
10.1007/BF03256622
.
87
张旻,周新. 超长效β2-受体激动剂茚达特罗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的临床疗效及安全性研究[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2013,36(8):633-635. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2013.08.025
.
88
Koch A , Pizzichini E , Hamilton A ,et al. Lung function efficacy and symptomatic benefit of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat® versus placebo and formoterol twice daily in patients with GOLD 2-4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2014,9:697-714. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S62502
.
89
Kempsford R , Norris V , Siederer S . Vilanterol trifenatate, a novel inhaled long-acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonist, is well tolerated in healthy subjects and demonstrates prolonged bronchodilation in subjects with asthma and COPD[J]. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2013,26(2):256-264. DOI:
10.1016/j.pupt.2012.12.001
.
90
Uren NG , Davies SW , Jordan SL ,et al. Inhaled bronchodilators increase maximum oxygen consumption in chronic left ventricular failure[J]. Eur Heart J, 1993,14(6):744-750. DOI:
10.1093/eurheartj/14.6.744
.
91
Gupta P , O′Mahony MS . Potential adverse effects of bronchodilators in the treatment of airways obstruction in older people: recommendations for prescribing[J]. Drugs Aging, 2008,25(5):415-443. DOI:
10.2165/00002512-200825050-00005
.
92
Lipworth BJ , McDevitt DG , Struthers AD . Hypokalemic and ECG sequelae of combined beta-agonist/diuretic therapy. Protection by conventional doses of spironolactone but not triamterene[J]. Chest, 1990,98(4):811-815. DOI:
10.1378/chest.98.4.811
.
93
Stefan MS , Rothberg MB , Priya A ,et al. Association between β-blocker therapy and outcomes in patients hospitalised with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease with underlying ischaemic heart disease, heart failure or hypertension[J]. Thorax, 2012,67(11):977-984. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201945
.
94
Wilchesky M , Ernst P , Brophy JM ,et al. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 1: Saskatchewan cohort study[J]. Chest, 2012,142(2):298-304. DOI:
10.1378/chest.10-2499
.
95
Zhou Y , Zhong NS , Li X ,et al. Tiotropium in Early-Stage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2017,377(10):923-935. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1700228
.
96
Casaburi R , Kukafka D , Cooper CB ,et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD[J]. Chest, 2005,127(3):809-817. DOI:
10.1378/chest.127.3.809
.
97
Marin JM , Beeh KM , Clemens A ,et al. Early bronchodilator action of glycopyrronium versus tiotropium in moderate-to-severe COPD patients: a cross-over blinded randomized study (Symptoms and Pulmonary function in the moRnING)[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016,11:1425-1434. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S106127
.
98
Ferguson GT , Goodin T , Tosiello R ,et al. Long-term safety of glycopyrrolate/eFlow® CS in moderate-to-very-severe COPD: Results from the Glycopyrrolate for Obstructive Lung Disease via Electronic Nebulizer (GOLDEN) 5 randomized study[J]. Respir Med, 2017,132:251-260. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2017.08.020
.
99
Decramer M , Anzueto A , Kerwin E ,et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2014,2(6):472-486. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70065-7
.
100
Singh D , Jones PW , Bateman ED ,et al. Efficacy and safety of aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate fixed-dose combinations compared with individual components and placebo in patients with COPD (ACLIFORM-COPD): a multicentre, randomised study[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2014,14:178. DOI:
10.1186/1471-2466-14-178
.
101
Vogelmeier C , Hederer B , Glaab T ,et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2011,364(12):1093-1103. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1008378
.
102
Decramer ML , Chapman KR , Dahl R ,et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2013,1(7):524-533. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70158-9
.
103
Rojas-Reyes MX , García Morales OM , Dennis RJ ,et al. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta₂-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, (6):CD008532. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3
.
104
常春,姚婉贞. 噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病十年回顾与展望[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016,39(3):217-220. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.03.016
.
105
马锦芳,周志敏,汤彦,等. 经Respimat(R)吸入小剂量噻托溴铵溶液治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的有效性与安全性[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2014,53(12):964-968. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2014.12.010
.
106
Ram FS , Jones PW , Castro AA ,et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002, (4):CD003902. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003902
.
107
Devereux G , Cotton S , Fielding S ,et al. Effect of Theophylline as Adjunct to Inhaled Corticosteroids on Exacerbations in Patients With COPD: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2018,320(15):1548-1559. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2018.14432
.
108
Cosío BG , Shafiek H , Iglesias A ,et al. Oral Low-dose Theophylline on Top of Inhaled Fluticasone-Salmeterol Does Not Reduce Exacerbations in Patients With Severe COPD: A Pilot Clinical Trial[J]. Chest, 2016,150(1):123-130. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.011
.
109
Zhou Y , Wang X , Zeng X ,et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year[J]. Respirology, 2006,11(5):603-610. DOI:
10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00897.x
.
110
ZuWallack RL , Mahler DA , Reilly D ,et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD[J]. Chest, 2001,119(6):1661-1670. DOI:
10.1378/chest.119.6.1661
.
111
Zacarias EC , Castro AA , Cendon S . Effect of theophylline associated with short-acting or long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review[J]. J Bras Pneumol, 2007,33(2):152-160. DOI:
10.1590/s1806-37132007000200009
.
112
McKay SE , Howie CA , Thomson AH ,et al. Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease[J]. Thorax, 1993,48(3):227-232. DOI:
10.1136/thx.48.3.227
.
113
Yang IA , Clarke MS , Sim EH ,et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (7):CD002991. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD002991.pub3
.
114
Kew KM , Seniukovich A . Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014, (3):CD010115. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD010115.pub2
.
115
Crim C , Dransfield MT , Bourbeau J ,et al. Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol compared with vilanterol alone in patients with COPD[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015,12(1):27-34. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201409-413OC
.
116
Crim C , Calverley P , Anderson JA ,et al. Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in COPD patients with moderate airflow limitation: The SUMMIT trial[J]. Respir Med, 2017,131:27-34. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2017.07.060
.
117
Wang JJ , Rochtchina E , Tan AG ,et al. Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009,116(4):652-657. DOI:
10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.001
.
118
Suissa S , Kezouh A , Ernst P . Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression[J]. Am J Med, 2010,123(11):1001-1006. DOI:
10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.019
.
119
Andréjak C , Nielsen R , Thomsen VØ ,et al. Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis[J]. Thorax, 2013,68(3):256-262. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201772
.
120
杨林瀛,何权瀛. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者吸入糖皮质激素治疗会诱发肺结核吗[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2014,37(2):150-151. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2014.02.027
.
121
Kim JH , Park JS , Kim KH ,et al. Inhaled corticosteroid is associated with an increased risk of TB in patients with COPD[J]. Chest, 2013,143(4):1018-1024. DOI:
10.1378/chest.12-1225
.
122
Cazzola M , Molimard M . The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD[J]. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2010,23(4):257-267. DOI:
10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.003
.
123
Gross N , Tashkin D , Miller R ,et al. Inhalation by nebulization of albuterol-ipratropium combination (Dey combination) is superior to either agent alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dey Combination Solution Study Group[J]. Respiration, 1998,65(5):354-362. DOI:
10.1159/000029295
.
124
Farne HA , Cates CJ . Long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015, (10):CD008989. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub3
.
125
白春学,汤彦,辛建保,等. 噻托溴铵/奥达特罗治疗中国慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的有效性和安全性分析[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42(11):838-844. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2019.11.010
.
126
Zheng J , Xu JF , Jenkins M ,et al. Glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler for maintenance-naïve patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of the randomized PINNACLE trials[J]. Respir Res, 2020,21(1):69. DOI:
10.1186/s12931-020-1332-3
.
127
Calverley P , Anzueto AR , Carter K ,et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol in the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (DYNAGITO): a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, active-controlled trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(5):337-344. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30102-4
.
128
Mammen MJ , Pai V , Aaron SD ,et al. Dual LABA/LAMA Therapy versus LABA or LAMA Monotherapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis in Support of the American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2020,17(9):1133-1143. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201912-915OC
.
129
Wedzicha JA , Decramer M , Ficker JH ,et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2013,1(3):199-209. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70052-3
.
130
Martinez FJ , Lipworth BJ , Rabe KF ,et al. Benefits of glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (GFF MDI) in improving lung function and reducing exacerbations in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD: a pooled analysis of the PINNACLE studies[J]. Respir Res, 2020,21(1):128. DOI:
10.1186/s12931-020-01388-y
.
131
Mahler DA , Kerwin E , Ayers T ,et al. FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: Efficacy and Safety of QVA149 (Indacaterol/Glycopyrrolate) versus Its Monocomponents and Placebo in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015,192(9):1068-1079. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201505-1048OC
.
132
Oba Y , Sarva ST , Dias S . Efficacy and safety of long-acting β-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist combinations in COPD: a network meta-analysis[J]. Thorax, 2016,71(1):15-25. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206732
.
133
Martinez FJ , Fabbri LM , Ferguson GT ,et al. Baseline Symptom Score Impact on Benefits of Glycopyrrolate/Formoterol Metered Dose Inhaler in COPD[J]. Chest, 2017,152(6):1169-1178. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.007
.
134
Singh D , Ferguson GT , Bolitschek J ,et al. Tiotropium+olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life[J]. Respir Med, 2015,109(10):1312-1319. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.002
.
135
Lipworth BJ , Collier DJ , Gon Y ,et al. Improved lung function and patient-reported outcomes with co-suspension delivery technology glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler in COPD: a randomized Phase Ⅲ study conducted in Asia, Europe, and the USA[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018,13:2969-2984. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S171835
.
136
Hohlfeld JM , Vogel-Claussen J , Biller H ,et al. Effect of lung deflation with indacaterol plus glycopyrronium on ventricular filling in patients with hyperinflation and COPD (CLAIM): a double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(5):368-378. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30054-7
.
137
Nannini LJ , Lasserson TJ , Poole P . Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (9):CD006829. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006829.pub2
.
138
Nannini LJ , Poole P , Milan SJ ,et al. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, (8):CD006826. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006826.pub2
.
139
Vestbo J , Leather D , Diar Bakerly N ,et al. Effectiveness of Fluticasone Furoate-Vilanterol for COPD in Clinical Practice[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016,375(13):1253-1260. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1608033
.
140
Suissa S , Dell′Aniello S , Ernst P . Comparative effectiveness of LABA-ICS versus LAMA as initial treatment in COPD targeted by blood eosinophils: a population-based cohort study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(11):855-862. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30368-0
.
141
Antoniu SA , Carone M , Sampablo I . Triple inhaled therapy in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the earlier, the better? Evaluation of Welte T, Miravitlles M, Hernandez P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:741-50[J]. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2010,11(6):1039-1042. DOI:
10.1517/14656561003652450
.
142
Singh D , Brooks J , Hagan G ,et al. Superiority of "triple" therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus individual components in moderate to severe COPD[J]. Thorax, 2008,63(7):592-598. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2007.087213
.
143
Jung KS , Park HY , Park SY ,et al. Comparison of tiotropium plus fluticasone propionate/salmeterol with tiotropium in COPD: a randomized controlled study[J]. Respir Med, 2012,106(3):382-389. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2011.09.004
.
144
Frith PA , Thompson PJ , Ratnavadivel R ,et al. Glycopyrronium once-daily significantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salmeterol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study, a randomised controlled trial[J]. Thorax, 2015,70(6):519-527. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206670
.
145
Siler TM , Kerwin E , Singletary K ,et al. Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Added to Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol in Patients with COPD: Results of Two Randomized, Double-Blind Studies[J]. COPD, 2016,13(1):1-10. DOI:
10.3109/15412555.2015.1034256
.
146
Lipson DA , Barnacle H , Birk R ,et al. FULFIL Trial: Once-Daily Triple Therapy for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017,196(4):438-446. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201703-0449OC
.
147
Vestbo J , Papi A , Corradi M ,et al. Single inhaler extrafine triple therapy versus long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRINITY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2017,389(10082):1919-1929. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30188-5
.
148
Lipson DA , Barnhart F , Brealey N ,et al. Once-Daily Single-Inhaler Triple versus Dual Therapy in Patients with COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018,378(18):1671-1680. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1713901
.
149
Papi A , Vestbo J , Fabbri L ,et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2018,391(10125):1076-1084. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30206-X
.
150
Ferguson GT , Rabe KF , Martinez FJ ,et al. Triple therapy with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate with co-suspension delivery technology versus dual therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (KRONOS): a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(10):747-758. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30327-8
.
151
Rabe KF , Martinez FJ , Ferguson GT ,et al. Triple Inhaled Therapy at Two Glucocorticoid Doses in Moderate-to-Very-Severe COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020,383(1):35-48. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1916046
.
152
中国医学装备协会呼吸病学专委会吸入治疗与呼吸康复学组,中国慢性阻塞性肺疾病联盟. 稳定期慢性气道疾病吸入装置规范应用中国专家共识[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42(4):241-253. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2019.04.001
.
153
朱元珏,陈文彬. 呼吸病学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2003:8-9.
154
Karner C , Cates CJ . Long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta(2)-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (4):CD008989. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2
.
155
Bafadhel M , Peterson S , De Blas MA ,et al. Predictors of exacerbation risk and response to budesonide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of three randomised trials[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2018,6(2):117-126. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30006-7
.
156
Siddiqui SH , Guasconi A , Vestbo J ,et al. Blood Eosinophils: A Biomarker of Response to Extrafine Beclomethasone/Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015,192(4):523-525. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201502-0235LE
.
157
Pascoe S , Barnes N , Brusselle G ,et al. Blood eosinophils and treatment response with triple and dual combination therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of the IMPACT trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2019,7(9):745-756. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30190-0
.
158
Martinez FJ , Calverley PM , Goehring UM ,et al. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2015,385(9971):857-866. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62410-7
.
159
Rabe KF , Calverley P , Martinez FJ ,et al. Effect of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD and a history of hospitalisation[J]. Eur Respir J, 2017,50(1). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.00158-2017
.
160
Martinez FJ , Rabe KF , Sethi S ,et al. Effect of Roflumilast and Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting β2-Agonist on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations (RE(2)SPOND). A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016,194(5):559-567. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201607-1349OC
.
161
Han MK , Tayob N , Murray S ,et al. Predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation reduction in response to daily azithromycin therapy[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014,189(12):1503-1508. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201402-0207OC
.
162
Albert RK , Connett J , Bailey WC ,et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2011,365(8):689-698. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1104623
.
163
Calverley PM , Rabe KF , Goehring UM ,et al. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials[J]. Lancet, 2009,374(9691):685-694. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61255-1
.
164
Yan X , Song Y , Shen C ,et al. Mucoactive and antioxidant medicines for COPD: consensus of a group of Chinese pulmonary physicians[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2017,12:803-812. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S114423
.
165
郑劲平,文富强,白春学,等. N-乙酰半胱氨酸600 mg每日两次减少慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2014,37(9):715. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2014.09.024
.
166
Collet JP , Shapiro P , Ernst P ,et al. Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PARI-IS Study Steering Committee and Research Group. Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection by an Immunostimulant[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1997,156(6):1719-1724. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9612096
.
167
Li J , Zheng JP , Yuan JP ,et al. Protective effect of a bacterial extract against acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2004,117(6):828-834.
168
李国栋,牛洁,吴志松,等. 近20年中药治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期组方用药规律文献研究[J]. 中医杂志, 2019,60(7):614-618. DOI:
10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2019.07.016
.
169
Alison JA , McKeough ZJ , Johnston K ,et al. Australian and New Zealand Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines[J]. Respirology, 2017,22(4):800-819. DOI:
10.1111/resp.13025
.
170
Gouzi F , Maury J , Héraud N ,et al. Additional Effects of Nutritional Antioxidant Supplementation on Peripheral Muscle during Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019,2019:5496346. DOI:
10.1155/2019/5496346
.
171
Gordon CS , Waller JW , Cook RM ,et al. Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Chest, 2019,156(1):80-91. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.009
.
172
Alison JA , McKeough ZJ , Leung R ,et al. Oxygen compared to air during exercise training in COPD with exercise-induced desaturation[J]. Eur Respir J, 2019,53(5). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.02429-2018
.
173
Foucher P , Baudouin N , Merati M ,et al. Relative survival analysis of 252 patients with COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy[J]. Chest, 1998,113(6):1580-1587. DOI:
10.1378/chest.113.6.1580
.
174
Connors AF , Dawson NV , Thomas C ,et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments)[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996,154(4Pt 1):959-967. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887592
.
175
Ergan B , Oczkowski S , Rochwerg B ,et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines on long-term home non-invasive ventilation for management of COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2019,54(3). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.01003-2019
.
176
Murphy PB , Hart N . Home Non-Invasive Ventilation for COPD: How, Who and When?[J]. Arch Bronconeumol, 2018,54(3):149-154. DOI:
10.1016/j.arbres.2017.12.005
.
177
Köhnlein T , Windisch W , Köhler D ,et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2014,2(9):698-705. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70153-5
.
178
Zhou L , Li X , Guan L ,et al. Home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with built-in software in stable hypercapnic COPD: a short-term prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2017,12:1279-1286. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S127540
.
179
Struik FM , Sprooten RT , Kerstjens HA ,et al. Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study[J]. Thorax, 2014,69(9):826-834. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205126
.
180
Murphy PB , Rehal S , Arbane G ,et al. Effect of Home Noninvasive Ventilation With Oxygen Therapy vs Oxygen Therapy Alone on Hospital Readmission or Death After an Acute COPD Exacerbation: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2017,317(21):2177-2186. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2017.4451
.
181
Marin JM , Soriano JB , Carrizo SJ ,et al. Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010,182(3):325-331. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200912-1869OC
.
182
Windisch W , Haenel M , Storre JH ,et al. High-intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for stable hypercapnic COPD[J]. Int J Med Sci, 2009,6(2):72-76. DOI:
10.7150/ijms.6.72
.
183
Lukácsovits J , Carlucci A , Hill N ,et al. Physiological changes during low-and high-intensity noninvasive ventilation[J]. Eur Respir J, 2012,39(4):869-875. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00056111
.
184
Duiverman ML , Maagh P , Magnet FS ,et al. Impact of High-Intensity-NIV on the heart in stable COPD: a randomised cross-over pilot study[J]. Respir Res, 2017,18(1):76. DOI:
10.1186/s12931-017-0542-9
.
185
Murphy PB , Brignall K , Moxham J ,et al. High pressure versus high intensity noninvasive ventilation in stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2012,7:811-818. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S36151
.
186
路明,姚婉贞. 2019年版慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球创议主要更新内容解读(非药物治疗篇)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42(3):238-240, 192. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2019.03.023
.
187
Schembri S , Morant S , Winter JH ,et al. Influenza but not pneumococcal vaccination protects against all-cause mortality in patients with COPD[J]. Thorax, 2009,64(7):567-572. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2008.106286
.
188
Poole PJ , Chacko E , Wood-Baker RW ,et al. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2000, (4):CD002733. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD002733
.
189
Grohskopf LA , Alyanak E , Broder KR ,et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2019-20 Influenza Season[J]. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2019,68(3):1-21. DOI:
10.15585/mmwr.rr6803a1
.
190
中国流感疫苗预防接种技术指南(2019—2020)[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2020,54(1):21-36. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2020.01.007
.
191
Walters JA , Tang JN , Poole P ,et al. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017,1:CD001390. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD001390.pub4
.
192
Matanock A , Lee G , Gierke R ,et al. Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2019,68(46):1069-1075. DOI:
10.15585/mmwr.mm6846a5
.
193
老年人流感和肺炎链球菌疫苗接种中国专家建议写作组,中华医学会老年医学分会呼吸学组,中华老年医学杂志编辑部. 老年人流感和肺炎链球菌疫苗接种中国专家建议[J]. 中华老年医学杂志, 2018,37(2):113-122. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2018.02.001
.
194
中华预防医学会,中华预防医学会疫苗与免疫分会. 肺炎球菌性疾病免疫预防专家共识(2017版)[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2018,39(2):111-138. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.02.001
.
195
Havers FP , Moro PL , Hunter P ,et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report. Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2019[EB/OL]. [ 2020-01-24]. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6903a5.htm.
196
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lung Disease including Asthma and Adult Vaccination, 2016, online information available[EB/OL]. [ 2020-09-28]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/lung-disease.html.
197
Sciurba FC , Ernst A , Herth FJ ,et al. A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010,363(13):1233-1244. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa0900928
.
198
Emery MJ , Eveland RL , Eveland K ,et al. Lung volume reduction by bronchoscopic administration of steam[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010,182(10):1282-1291. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201001-0102OC
.
199
Venuta F , Anile M , Diso D ,et al. Long-term follow-up after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in patients with emphysema[J]. Eur Respir J, 2012,39(5):1084-1089. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00071311
.
200
Zhang JJ , Yin Y , Hou G . The bronchoscopic interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to different phenotypes[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2017,9(5):1361-1365. DOI:
10.21037/jtd.2017.05.16
.
201
Klooster K , ten Hacken NH , Hartman JE ,et al. Endobronchial Valves for Emphysema without Interlobar Collateral Ventilation[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015,373(24):2325-2335. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1507807
.
202
Valipour A , Slebos DJ , de Oliveira HG ,et al. Expert statement: pneumothorax associated with endoscopic valve therapy for emphysema--potential mechanisms, treatment algorithm, and case examples[J]. Respiration, 2014,87(6):513-521. DOI:
10.1159/000360642
.
203
Yusen RD , Edwards LB , Dipchand AI ,et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-third Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Report-2016; Focus Theme: Primary Diagnostic Indications for Transplant[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2016,35(10):1170-1184. DOI:
10.1016/j.healun.2016.09.001
.
204
Chambers DC , Yusen RD , Cherikh WS ,et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-fourth Adult Lung And Heart-Lung Transplantation Report-2017; Focus Theme: Allograft ischemic time[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2017,36(10):1047-1059. DOI:
10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.016
.
205
Lahzami S , Bridevaux PO , Soccal PM ,et al. Survival impact of lung transplantation for COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2010,36(1):74-80. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00087809
.
206
Criner GJ , Cordova FC , Furukawa S ,et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing bilateral lung volume reduction surgery to pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999,160(6):2018-2027. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9902117
.
207
Kösek V , Thiel B , Nikolova K ,et al. Lung volume reduction surgery: from National Emphysema Treatment Trial to non-intubated awake video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020,8(21):1468. DOI:
10.21037/atm-20-6430
.
208
Fishman A , Martinez F , Naunheim K ,et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003,348(21):2059-2073. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa030287
.
209
McKenna RJ , Brenner M , Fischel RJ ,et al. Patient selection criteria for lung volume reduction surgery[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1997,114(6):957-964; discussion 964-967. DOI:
10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70010-2
.
210
Ciccone AM , Meyers BF , Guthrie TJ ,et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral lung volume reduction in 250 consecutive patients with emphysema[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003,125(3):513-525. DOI:
10.1067/mtc.2003.147
.
211
慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)诊治专家组. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)诊治中国专家共识(2017年更新版)[J]. 国际呼吸杂志, 2017,37(14):1041-1057. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-436X.2017.14.001
.
212
Vieira PJ , Chiappa AM , Cipriano G ,et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves clinical and physiological function in COPD patients[J]. Respir Med, 2014,108(4):609-620. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.013
.
213
Uronis HE , Ekström MP , Currow DC ,et al. Oxygen for relief of dyspnoea in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who would not qualify for home oxygen: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Thorax, 2015,70(5):492-494. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205720
.
214
Shah NM , D′Cruz RF , Murphy PB . Update: non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2018,10(Suppl 1):S71-71S79. DOI:
10.21037/jtd.2017.10.44
.
215
Ekström M , Nilsson F , Abernethy AA ,et al. Effects of opioids on breathlessness and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015,12(7):1079-1092. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201501-034OC
.
216
Hurst JR , Vestbo J , Anzueto A ,et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010,363(12):1128-1138. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa0909883
.
217
Han MK , Quibrera PM , Carretta EE ,et al. Frequency of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2017,5(8):619-626. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30207-2
.
218
219
van Geffen WH , Douma WR , Slebos DJ ,et al. Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, (8):CD011826. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD011826.pub2
.
220
Kopsaftis ZA , Sulaiman NS , Mountain OD ,et al. Short-acting bronchodilators for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the hospital setting: systematic review[J]. Syst Rev, 2018,7(1):213. DOI:
10.1186/s13643-018-0860-0
.
221
Edwards L , Perrin K , Williams M ,et al. Randomised controlled crossover trial of the effect on PtCO2 of oxygen-driven versus air-driven nebulisers in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Emerg Med J, 2012,29(11):894-898. DOI:
10.1136/emermed-2011-200443
.
222
Bardsley G , Pilcher J , McKinstry S ,et al. Oxygen versus air-driven nebulisers for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2018,18(1):157. DOI:
10.1186/s12890-018-0720-7
.
223
Barr RG , Rowe BH , Camargo CA . Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2003,327(7416):643. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.327.7416.643
.
224
Barr RG , Rowe BH , Camargo CA . Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003, (2):CD002168. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD002168
.
225
Duffy N , Walker P , Diamantea F ,et al. Intravenous aminophylline in patients admitted to hospital with non-acidotic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial[J]. Thorax, 2005,60(9):713-717. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2004.036046
.
226
Sethi S , Murphy TF . Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2008,359(22):2355-2365. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMra0800353
.
227
WJAE Co-Chair , Miravitlles M , Hurst JR ,et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline[J]. Eur Respir J, 2017,49(3). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.00791-2016
.
228
London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s_ diagnosis and management[EB/OL]. [ 2018-12-05]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115.
229
Anthonisen NR , Manfreda J , Warren CP ,et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1987,106(2):196-204. DOI:
10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196
.
230
Stockley RA , O′Brien C , Pye A ,et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD[J]. Chest, 2000,117(6):1638-1645. DOI:
10.1378/chest.117.6.1638
.
231
Butler CC , Gillespie D , White P ,et al. C-Reactive Protein Testing to Guide Antibiotic Prescribing for COPD Exacerbations[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019,381(2):111-120. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1803185
.
232
Prins HJ , Duijkers R , van der Valk P ,et al. CRP-guided antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of COPD in hospital admissions[J]. Eur Respir J, 2019,53(5). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.02014-2018
.
233
Chen K , Pleasants KA , Pleasants RA ,et al. Procalcitonin for Antibiotic Prescription in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Clinical Perspective[J]. Pulm Ther, 2020,6(2):201-214. DOI:
10.1007/s41030-020-00123-8
.
234
慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重抗感染治疗中国专家共识编写组. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重抗感染治疗中国专家共识[J]. 国际呼吸杂志, 2019,39(17):1281-1296. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-436X.2019.17.001
.
235
236
Ye F , He LX , Cai BQ ,et al. Spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mainland of China[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2013,126(12):2207-2214.
237
Ma X , Cui J , Wang J ,et al. Multicentre investigation of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. J Int Med Res, 2015,43(5):699-710. DOI:
10.1177/0300060515587577
.
238
Lin SH , Kuo PH , Hsueh PR ,et al. Sputum bacteriology in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan with an emphasis on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Respirology, 2007,12(1):81-87. DOI:
10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00999.x
.
239
江雁琼,伍慧妍,文艳琼. 慢阻肺急性加重期感染病原菌分布与机体免疫功能检测及其临床意义[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2019,14(2):213-216. DOI:
10.13350/j.cjpb.190219
.
240
Wilson R , Jones P , Schaberg T ,et al. Antibiotic treatment and factors influencing short and long term outcomes of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis[J]. Thorax, 2006,61(4):337-342. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2005.045930
.
241
中华医学会呼吸病学分会. 中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016年版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016,39(4):253-279. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.04.005
.
242
中华医学会呼吸病学分会感染学组. 中国成人医院获得性肺炎与呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2018年版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018,41(4):255-280. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2018.04.006
.
243
Ding Z , Li X , Lu Y ,et al. A randomized, controlled multicentric study of inhaled budesonide and intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Respir Med, 2016,121:39-47. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2016.10.013
.
244
Sun X , He Z , Zhang J ,et al. Compare the efficacy of inhaled budesonide and systemic methylprednisolone on systemic inflammation of AECOPD[J]. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2015,31:111-116. DOI:
10.1016/j.pupt.2014.09.004
.
245
Pleasants RA , Wang T , Xu X ,et al. Nebulized Corticosteroids in the Treatment of COPD Exacerbations: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Clinical Perspective[J]. Respir Care, 2018,63(10):1302-1310. DOI:
10.4187/respcare.06384
.
246
Zhang J , Zheng J , Huang K ,et al. Use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD exacerbations in China: a retrospective observational study[J]. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2018,12:1753466618769514. DOI:
10.1177/1753466618769514
.
247
Zheng JP , Zhang J , Ma LJ ,et al. Clinical Outcomes Of Using Nebulized Budesonide As The Initial Treatment For Acute Exacerbations Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Post-Hoc Analysis[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2019,14:2725-2731. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S196615
.
248
Papi A , Bellettato CM , Braccioni F ,et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006,173(10):1114-1121. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200506-859OC
.
249
Goto T , Shimada YJ , Faridi MK ,et al. Incidence of Acute Cardiovascular Event After Acute Exacerbation of COPD[J]. J Gen Intern Med, 2018,33(9):1461-1468. DOI:
10.1007/s11606-018-4518-3
.
250
Kunisaki KM , Dransfield MT , Anderson JA ,et al. Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiac Events. A Post Hoc Cohort Analysis from the SUMMIT Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018,198(1):51-57. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201711-2239OC
.
251
Aleva FE , LWLM Voets , Simons SO ,et al. Prevalence and Localization of Pulmonary Embolism in Unexplained Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis[J]. Chest, 2017,151(3):544-554. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2016.07.034
.
252
Gunen H , Gulbas G , In E ,et al. Venous thromboemboli and exacerbations of COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2010,35(6):1243-1248. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00120909
.
253
Bertoletti L , Quenet S , Laporte S ,et al. Pulmonary embolism and 3-month outcomes in 4036 patients with venous thromboembolism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: data from the RIETE registry[J]. Respir Res, 2013,14:75. DOI:
10.1186/1465-9921-14-75
.
254
Simonneau G , Robbins IM , Begheti M ,et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension[J]. J Am Col Cardiol, 2009,54(1Suppl):S43-S54. DOI:
10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.012
.
255
Austin MA , Wills KE , Blizzard L ,et al. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ, 2010,341:c5462. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.c5462
.
256
急诊氧气治疗专家共识组. 急诊氧气治疗专家共识[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2018,27(4):355-360. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2018.04.004
.
257
中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸危重症医学学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会危重症医学工作委员会. 成人经鼻高流量湿化氧疗临床规范应用专家共识[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42(2):83-91. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2019.02.003
.
258
陈平,李柳村,罗红,等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期呼吸支持策略与方式选择[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2017,40(12):887-890. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2017.12.003
.
259
Keenan SP , Sinuff T , Burns KE ,et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in the acute care setting[J]. CMAJ, 2011,183(3):E195-214. DOI:
10.1503/cmaj.100071
.
260
Chandra D , Stamm JA , Taylor B ,et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012,185(2):152-159. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201106-1094OC
.
261
中华医学会重症医学分会. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者机械通气指南(2007)[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2007,16(4):350-357. DOI:
10.3760/j.issn:1671-0282.2007.04.003
.
262
王辰,商鸣宇,黄克武. 有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致严重呼吸衰竭的研究[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2000,23 (4):212. DOI:
10.3760/j:issn:1001-0939.2000.04.008
.
263
GOLD Executive Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Update2014)[EB/OL].[ 2020-12-29]. https://goldcopd.org/goldreports.
264
Salem ARM , Hu H , Zhong H ,et al. The health economic impact of optimizing post-hospitalization management for anexacerbation in copd patients in China[J]. 2018,21(S2):S104. DOI:
10.1016/j.jval.2018.07.786
.
265
Wang F , Liang ZY , Zhou YM ,et al. Medical quality control interventions for COPD patients in China: a cluster randomized, controlled trial[J]. Eur Res Soci, 2020,56:2422. DOI:
10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2422
.
266
Kerwin E , Hébert J , Gallagher N ,et al. Efficacy and safety of NVA237 versus placebo and tiotropium in patients with COPD: the GLOW2 study[J]. Eur Respir J, 2012,40(5):1106-1114. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00040712
.
267
Zheng JP , Wen FQ , Bai CX ,et al. Twice daily N-acetylcysteine 600 mg for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PANTHEON): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2014,2(3):187-194. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70286-8
.
268
Zheng JP , Kang J , Huang SG ,et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study[J]. Lancet, 2008,371(9629):2013-2018. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60869-7
.
269
Aaron SD . Management and prevention of exacerbations of COPD[J]. BMJ, 2014,349:g5237. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.g5237
.
270
Llor C , Moragas A , Hernández S ,et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012,186(8):716-723. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201206-0996OC
.
271
Jolliffe DA , Greenberg L , Hooper RL ,et al. Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials[J]. Thorax, 2019,74(4):337-345. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212092
.
272
Mannino DM , Thorn D , Swensen A ,et al. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2008,32(4):962-969. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00012408
.
273
Sin DD , Anthonisen NR , Soriano JB ,et al. Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities[J]. Eur Respir J, 2006,28(6):1245-1257. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00133805
.
274
Iversen KK , Kjaergaard J , Akkan D ,et al. The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2010,12(7):685-691. DOI:
10.1093/eurjhf/hfq050
.
275
Almagro P , Soriano JB , Cabrera FJ ,et al. Short-and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index[J]. Chest, 2014,145(5):972-980. DOI:
10.1378/chest.13-1328
.
276
Miller J , Edwards LD , Agustí A ,et al. Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort[J]. Respir Med, 2013,107(9):1376-1384. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2013.05.001
.
277
Fabbri LM , Luppi F , Beghé B ,et al. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD[J]. Eur Respir J, 2008,31(1):204-212. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.00114307
.
278
Agusti A , Calverley PM , Celli B ,et al. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort[J]. Respir Res, 2010,11:122. DOI:
10.1186/1465-9921-11-122
.
279
Yi YS , Ban WH , Sohng KY . Effect of COPD on symptoms, quality of life and prognosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer[J]. BMC Cancer, 2018,18(1):1053. DOI:
10.1186/s12885-018-4976-3
.
280
Leavitt BJ , Ross CS , Spence B ,et al. Long-term survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery[J]. Circulation, 2006,114(1Suppl):I430-434. DOI:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.000943
.
281
Mascarenhas J , Lourenço P , Lopes R ,et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in heart failure. Prevalence, therapeutic and prognostic implications[J]. Am Heart J, 2008,155(3):521-525. DOI:
10.1016/j.ahj.2007.10.040
.
282
Soriano JB , Visick GT , Muellerova H ,et al. Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care[J]. Chest, 2005,128(4):2099-2107. DOI:
10.1378/chest.128.4.2099
.
283
国家中医药管理局. 关于印发慢性阻塞性肺疾病分级诊疗技术方案的通知[EB/OL]. [ 2017-02-10]. http://www.satcm.gov.cn/yizhengsi/gongzuodongtai/2018-03-24/2657.html.
284
He Y , Liu S , Zhang Z ,et al. Imbalance of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide and Homocysteine in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Combined with Cardiovascular Disease[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2017,8:624. DOI:
10.3389/fphar.2017.00624
.
285
Risk Assessment Tool for Estimating Your 10-year Risk of Having a Heart Attack. external icon[EB/OL].[ 2020-12-26]. http://cvdrisk.nhlbi.nih.gov/calculator.asp.
286
Wang M , Lin EP , Huang LC ,et al. Mortality of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With COPD and Preceding Hospitalization for Acute Exacerbation[J]. Chest, 2020,158(3):973-985. DOI:
10.1016/j.chest.2020.02.046
.
287
Adamson PD , Anderson JA , Brook RD ,et al. Cardiac Troponin I and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018,72(10):1126-1137. DOI:
10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.051
.
288
Høiseth AD , Neukamm A , Karlsson BD ,et al. Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Thorax, 2011,66(9):775-781. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2010.153122
.
289
Lipworth B , Wedzicha J , Devereux G ,et al. Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal[J]. Eur Respir J, 2016,48(3):880-888. DOI:
10.1183/13993003.01847-2015
.
290
Bhatt SP , Dransfield MT . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease[J]. Transl Res, 2013,162(4):237-251. DOI:
10.1016/j.trsl.2013.05.001
.
291
Dransfield MT , Voelker H , Bhatt SP ,et al. Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019,381(24):2304-2314. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1908142
.
292
Vogel-Claussen J , Schönfeld CO , Kaireit TF ,et al. Effect of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium on Pulmonary Perfusion and Ventilation in Hyperinflated Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (CLAIM). A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019,199(9):1086-1096. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201805-0995OC
.
293
Masa JF , Utrabo I , Gomez de Terreros J ,et al. Noninvasive ventilation for severely acidotic patients in respiratory intermediate care units: Precision medicine in intermediate care units[J]. BMC Pulm Med, 2016,16(1):97. DOI:
10.1186/s12890-016-0262-9
.
294
Terzano C , Romani S , Conti V ,et al. Atrial fibrillation in the acute, hypercapnic exacerbations of COPD[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2014,18(19):2908-2917.
295
Singh S , Loke YK , Enright P ,et al. Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications[J]. Thorax, 2013,68(1):114-116. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275
.
296
Wilchesky M , Ernst P , Brophy JM ,et al. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort[J]. Chest, 2012,142(2):305-311. DOI:
10.1378/chest.11-1597
.
297
Wise RA , Anzueto A , Cotton D ,et al. Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013,369(16):1491-1501. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1303342
.
298
Tashkin DP , Celli B , Senn S ,et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2008,359(15):1543-1554. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa0805800
.
299
Tashkin DP , Fabbri LM . Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents[J]. Respir Res, 2010,11:149. DOI:
10.1186/1465-9921-11-149
.
300
Calverley P , Pauwels R , Vestbo J ,et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2003,361(9356):449-456. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12459-2
.
301
Szafranski W , Cukier A , Ramirez A ,et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Eur Respir J, 2003,21(1):74-81. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.03.00031402
.
302
Calverley PM , Boonsawat W , Cseke Z ,et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Eur Respir J, 2003,22(6):912-919. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.03.00027003
.
303
Calverley PM , Anderson JA , Celli B ,et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results[J]. Thorax, 2010,65(8):719-725. DOI:
10.1136/thx.2010.136077
.
304
Vestbo J , Anderson JA , Brook RD ,et al. Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2016,387(10030):1817-1826. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30069-1
.
305
January CT , Wann LS , Alpert JS ,et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J]. Circulation, 2014,130(23):2071-2104. DOI:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000000040
.
306
Ohta K , Fukuchi Y , Grouse L ,et al. A prospective clinical study of theophylline safety in 3810 elderly with asthma or COPD[J]. Respir Med, 2004,98(10):1016-1024. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2004.02.020
.
307
Sessler CN , Cohen MD . Cardiac arrhythmias during theophylline toxicity. A prospective continuous electrocardiographic study[J]. Chest, 1990,98(3):672-678. DOI:
10.1378/chest.98.3.672
.
308
Divo M , Cote C , de Torres JP ,et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012,186(2):155-161. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201201-0034OC
.
309
Dransfield MT , McAllister DA , Anderson JA ,et al. β-Blocker Therapy and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Heightened Cardiovascular Risk. An Observational Substudy of SUMMIT[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2018,15(5):608-614. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201708-626OC
.
310
Houben-Wilke S , Jörres RA , Bals R ,et al. Peripheral Artery Disease and Its Clinical Relevance in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the COPD and Systemic Consequences-Comorbidities Network Study[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017,195(2):189-197. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201602-0354OC
.
311
Madsen H , Brixen K , Hallas J . Screening, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-a population-based database study[J]. Clin Respir J, 2010,4(1):22-29. DOI:
10.1111/j.1752-699X.2009.00138.x
.
312
Bon J , Fuhrman CR , Weissfeld JL ,et al. Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011,183(7):885-890. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201004-0666OC
.
313
Bolton CE , Cannings-John R , Edwards PH ,et al. What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD?[J]. Respir Med, 2008,102(5):651-657. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2007.12.027
.
314
Bolton CE , Ionescu AA , Shiels KM ,et al. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004,170(12):1286-1293. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200406-754OC
.
315
Hanania NA , Müllerova H , Locantore NW ,et al. Determinants of depression in the ECLIPSE chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cohort[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011,183(5):604-611. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201003-0472OC
.
316
Maurer J , Rebbapragada V , Borson S ,et al. Anxiety and depression in COPD: current understanding, unanswered questions, and research needs[J]. Chest, 2008,134(4Suppl):43S-56S. DOI:
10.1378/chest.08-0342
.
317
Blakemore A , Dickens C , Chew-Graham CA ,et al. Depression predicts emergency care use in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a large cohort study in primary care[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2019,14:1343-1353. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S179109
.
318
Bolton CE , Bevan-Smith EF , Blakey JD ,et al. British Thoracic Society guideline on pulmonary rehabilitation in adults[J]. Thorax, 2013,68Suppl 2:ii1-30. DOI:
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203808
.
319
Coventry PA , Bower P , Keyworth C ,et al. The effect of complex interventions on depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2013,8(4):e60532. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0060532
.
320
Sampaio MS , Vieira WA , Bernardino ÍM ,et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Respir Med, 2019,151:11-18. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2019.03.018
.
321
de Torres JP , Bastarrika G , Wisnivesky JP ,et al. Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest[J]. Chest, 2007,132(6):1932-1938. DOI:
10.1378/chest.07-1490
.
322
Wilson DO , Leader JK , Fuhrman CR ,et al. Quantitative computed tomography analysis, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in the pittsburgh lung screening study[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2011,6(7):1200-1205. DOI:
10.1097/JTO.0b013e318219aa93
.
323
Wilson DO , Weissfeld JL , Balkan A ,et al. Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008,178(7):738-744. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200803-435OC
.
324
de-Torres JP , Wilson DO , Sanchez-Salcedo P ,et al. Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015,191(3):285-291. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201407-1210OC
.
325
National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR , Adams AM ,et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening[J]. N Engl J Med, 2011,365(5):395-409. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1102873
.
326
Ingebrigtsen TS , Marott JL , Vestbo J ,et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Respirology, 2015,20(1):101-107. DOI:
10.1111/resp.12420
.
327
Sasaki T , Nakayama K , Yasuda H ,et al. A randomized, single-blind study of lansoprazole for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older patients[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2009,57(8):1453-1457. DOI:
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02349.x
.
328
Baumeler L , Papakonstantinou E , Milenkovic B ,et al. Therapy with proton-pump inhibitors for gastroesophageal reflux disease does not reduce the risk for severe exacerbations in COPD[J]. Respirology, 2016,21(5):883-890. DOI:
10.1111/resp.12758
.
329
Benson VS , Müllerová H , Vestbo J ,et al. Associations between gastro-oesophageal reflux, its management and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Respir Med, 2015,109(9):1147-1154. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2015.06.009
.
330
O′Brien C , Guest PJ , Hill SL ,et al. Physiological and radiological characterisation of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care[J]. Thorax, 2000,55(8):635-642. DOI:
10.1136/thorax.55.8.635
.
331
Patel IS , Vlahos I , Wilkinson TM ,et al. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004,170(4):400-407. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.200305-648OC
.
332
Martínez-García MA ,de la Rosa Carrillo D, Soler-Cataluña JJ ,et al. Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013,187(8):823-831. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201208-1518OC
.
333
Chen YH , Sun YC . Bronchiectasis as a Comorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Implications and Future Research[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2016,129(17):2017-2019. DOI:
10.4103/0366-6999.189071
.
334
Jin J , Li S , Yu W ,et al. Emphysema and bronchiectasis in COPD patients with previous pulmonary tuberculosis: computed tomography features and clinical implications[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018,13:375-384. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S152447
.
335
Jin J , Yu W , Li S ,et al. Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016,95(29):e4219. DOI:
10.1097/MD.0000000000004219
.
336
Du Q , Jin J , Liu X ,et al. Bronchiectasis as a Comorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2016,11(3):e0150532. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0150532
.
337
Shawon MS , Perret JL , Senaratna CV ,et al. Current evidence on prevalence and clinical outcomes of co-morbid obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review[J]. Sleep Med Rev, 2017,32:58-68. DOI:
10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.007
.
338
Perimenis P , Karkoulias K , Konstantinopoulos A ,et al. The impact of long-term conventional treatment for overlap syndrome (obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) on concurrent erectile dysfunction[J]. Respir Med, 2007,101(2):210-216. DOI:
10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06.012
.
339
Hang LW , Hsu JY , Chang CJ ,et al. Predictive factors warrant screening for obstructive sleep apnea in COPD: a Taiwan National Survey[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016,11:665-673. DOI:
10.2147/COPD.S96504
.
340
孙婉璐,陈亚红. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床表型与发生机制[J]. 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版), 2019,11(1):15-19. DOI:
10.12037/YXQY.2019.01-02
.
341
Soler X , Gaio E , Powell FL ,et al. High Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015,12(8):1219-1225. DOI:
10.1513/AnnalsATS.201407-336OC
.
342
Chaouat A , Weitzenblum E , Krieger J ,et al. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995,151(1):82-86. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.151.1.7812577
.
343
Sun WL , Wang JL , Jia GH ,et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2019,132(11):1272-1282. DOI:
10.1097/CM9.0000000000000247
.
344
Hastie AT , Martinez FJ , Curtis JL ,et al. Association of sputum and blood eosinophil concentrations with clinical measures of COPD severity: an analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2017,5(12):956-967. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30432-0
.
345
Allinson JP , Hardy R , Donaldson GC ,et al. The Presence of Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion across Adult Life in Relation to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Development[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016,193(6):662-672. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201511-2210OC
.
346
Liang Z , Long F , Deng K ,et al. Dissociation between airway and systemic autoantibody responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020,8(15):918. DOI:
10.21037/atm-20-944
.
347
Núñez B , Sauleda J , Garcia-Aymerich J ,et al. Lack of Correlation Between Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation Markers in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Simultaneous, Two-Compartmental Analysis[J]. Arch Bronconeumol, 2016,52(7):361-367. DOI:
10.1016/j.arbres.2016.01.003
.
348
Bafadhel M , McKenna S , Terry S ,et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011,184(6):662-671. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201104-0597OC
.
备注信息
A
陈荣昌,深圳市人民医院 深圳市呼吸疾病研究所 广州医科大学附属第一医院 广州呼吸健康研究院 国家呼吸系统疾病临床医学研究中心 510120,Email:
mocdef.3ab61.pivcrnehc
B
康健,中国医科大学附属第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科110001, Email:
mocdef.3ab6185naijgnak
C
中华医学会呼吸病学分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组, 中国医师协会呼吸医师分会慢性阻塞性肺疾病工作委员会. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2021, 44(3): 170-205. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210109-00031.
D
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
E
国家重点研发计划 (2017YFC1310600,2016YFC1304100,2016YFC1304500,2018YFC1311900,2016YFC1304301) 
评论 (0条)
注册 登录
时间排序
- 时间排序
暂无评论,发表第一条评论抢沙发
最新推荐
更多
中重度过敏性哮喘患者使用奥马珠单抗治疗1年的疗效研究
徐钰 等 中华预防医学杂志 2023,57(03)
奥马珠单抗治疗难治性过敏性哮喘疗效和安全性的荟萃分析
陈雪琴 等 中华医学杂志 2022,102(28)
奥马珠单抗在儿童过敏性哮喘临床应用专家共识
国家呼吸系统疾病临床医学研究中心 等 中华实用儿科临床杂志 2021,36(12)
奥马珠单抗治疗过敏性哮喘的中国专家共识
奥马珠单抗治疗过敏性哮喘专家组 等 中华结核和呼吸杂志 2018,41(03)
分享
详细信息
表
访问与引文
阅读权限
参考文献
访问与引用
访问数据
0
0
全部时间 最近30天 最近6个月 最近12个月
MedAI助手(体验版)
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照
文献快照
N/A
N/A
AI总结中

N/A
N/A
快照内容由人工智能生成,供您参考。

你好,我可以帮助您更好的了解本文,请向我提问您关注的问题。
0/50
很抱歉,当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
0/2000
信息反馈
中文(简体)
英文
翻译
机器翻译功能由科大讯飞提供技术支持
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。

你好! 今天我能为您提供什么帮助?
0/30
of
很抱歉,当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
扩写 缩写 改写 翻译
0/2000
信息反馈
历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号
小中大
翻译
润色
扩写
缩写
复制
引用