综述
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
干眼相关角膜上皮损伤的修复
陈君语
潘志强 [综述]
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20201102-00725
Repair of dry eye-related corneal epithelial damage
Chen Junyu
Pan Zhiqiang
Authors Info & Affiliations
Chen Junyu
Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
Pan Zhiqiang
Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20201102-00725
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摘要

角膜上皮损伤是指由各种原因导致的角膜上皮功能与完整性被破坏,导致角膜上皮细胞层部分或全层缺失。干眼是角膜上皮损伤的常见原因,也是角膜上皮损伤后延迟愈合或不愈合的主要原因。我国研究者强调泪膜稳定性的改变是干眼发病的核心机制,这也提示我们改善泪膜稳定性在干眼及其相关角膜上皮损伤修复中的重要性。目前临床上应用眼表润滑剂补充泪液中水液、黏蛋白、脂质等成分,同时应用抗炎药物以提高泪膜稳定性。当眼表微环境存在异常或损伤时,其角膜上皮损伤位点积聚的生长因子满足不了损伤快速修复的需要,需要及时局部补充外源性生长因子,促进损伤愈合。本文从眼表润滑剂、抗炎治疗、促进角膜上皮修复几个方面就干眼相关角膜上皮损伤的修复进行综述。

干眼;角膜上皮损伤;泪膜稳定性
ABSTRACT

Corneal epithelial injury refers to the destruction of corneal epithelial function and structural integrity caused by various reasons.Dry eye is a common cause of corneal epithelial damage and it also delays the healing of corneal epithelial wound.The change of tear film stability is a main mechanism of dry eye disease, which implies an important role of improving the tear film stability in dry eye and the repair of dry eye-related corneal epithelial damage.Ocular surface lubricants can be used to supplement the water-like liquid, mucin and lipid that tears naturally have.Anti-inflammatory drugs can improve the stability of tear film.When the ocular surface microenvironment is affected, the growth factors of the tear are unable to meet the needs of rapid repair of the damage.Therefore, it is necessary to supplement exogenous growth factor to promote injury healing of corneal epithelium.In this article, the repair of corneal epithelial damage associated with dry eye were reviewed, including the therapies of ocular surface lubricant, anti-inflammation and promoting repair of corneal epithelium.

Dye eye;Corneal epithelial damage;Tear film stability
Pan Zhiqiang, Email: mocdef.aabnis6250jynap
引用本文

陈君语,潘志强. 干眼相关角膜上皮损伤的修复[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志,2021,39(03):264-268.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20201102-00725

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干眼是常见的眼表疾病,表现为眼部干燥、异物感、刺痛感、视疲劳、畏光及视力下降等,轻者影响工作和生活质量,严重者可导致眼表,尤其是角膜上皮的损伤、角化或角膜溶解、穿孔等。研究数据表明,全球范围内干眼的患病率为5.5%~33.7%,我国干眼患病率为21%~30% [ 1 ],且有逐年上升的趋势。目前认为高龄和女性为干眼发病的主要危险因素,全身性疾病(如干燥综合征、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎等)、长时间用眼、干燥环境、眼部手术、频繁局部使用多种滴眼液、口服药物及长期配戴角膜接触镜等也是干眼发生和进展的主要原因 [ 2 ]。TFOS DEWS Ⅱ提出,干眼以泪膜稳态的失衡为主要特征 [ 3 ]。泪膜由外向内由脂质层、水液层和黏蛋白层构成。脂质主要由睑板腺分泌,可防止水液层的蒸发,稳定和保持泪膜的弧度,对泪膜的稳定性起到重要作用 [ 4 ]。水液层包含丰富的电解质、维生素、细胞因子、免疫球蛋白和生长因子等,在维持泪液的渗透压、细胞信号传导和角膜上皮损伤的修复中起着重要作用 [ 5 ]。黏蛋白层主要由结膜杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白、结膜非杯状细胞和角膜上皮细胞表达的跨膜蛋白构成。分泌型黏蛋白有高度亲水性,能够形成高度水化凝胶,起到润滑眼表的作用。跨膜黏蛋白与眼表上皮微皱襞结合,与分泌性黏蛋白相互作用,在上皮细胞上形成稳定的糖萼层,使疏水的角膜结膜上皮变为亲水,使泪膜稳定地附着于眼表 [ 6 ]。当泪膜的稳定性受到破坏时,泪液渗透压升高,角膜上皮的促分裂原活化蛋白质激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)和核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)信号通路被激活,刺激各种炎症介质的释放,包括白细胞介素(Interleukin,IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、IL-8及基质金属蛋白质酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMPs)等,继而产生一系列反应 [ 7 ]。MMP-9在泪液成分和功能异常时活性增强,通过水解紧密连接蛋白复合体促使角膜上皮细胞脱落,进而引起丝状角膜炎。炎性细胞因子的释放刺激自身CD4 T细胞活化的同时激活不成熟树突状细胞,并导致局部自身免疫反应 [ 8 ]
角膜上皮损伤是由各种化学、物理和病理学损伤导致的角膜上皮屏障功能与完整性破坏而引起角膜上皮细胞层部分或全层缺失的病理状态 [ 9 ]。近年来,干眼发病率的逐年上升、角膜屈光及白内障手术的快速发展、角膜接触镜的广泛应用等均不可避免地增加了角膜上皮细胞损伤的风险。角膜上皮损伤的愈合是一个复杂的动态过程:损伤初期角膜上皮细胞移行、扩大呈扁平状,进行迁移以覆盖伤口,远端细胞增生并迁移以重新填充伤口区域,随后发生细胞分层和分化 [ 10 ];重新上皮化后角膜基质通过半桥粒及层黏连蛋白-332连接到再生的角膜上皮层。角膜上皮基底膜完整的情况下,角膜上皮损伤的愈合需要7~14 d [ 11 , 12 ],这一过程涉及多种细胞因子、生长因子、细胞外基质、降解蛋白及受体的相互作用。导致角膜上皮损伤的因素包括眼外伤、感染、炎症反应、泪膜异常、神经麻痹、眼睑及睑缘病变、局部药物应用的不良反应等 [ 13 ],其中干眼是角膜上皮损伤的常见原因,也是角膜上皮损伤后延迟愈合或不愈合的主要原因。
中国干眼专家共识中将裂隙灯显微镜下检查无明显眼表损伤体征(角膜荧光素染色点<5个)、泪膜破裂时间(breakup time,BUT)≥2 s者定义为轻度干眼,角膜损伤范围<2个象限和/或角膜荧光素染色点为5~<30个、BUT≥2 s者定义为中度干眼,角膜损伤≥2个象限和/或角膜荧光染色点≥30个、角膜荧光素染点融合成粗点或片状或伴有丝状物、BUT<2 s者定义为重度干眼 [ 14 ]。中度以上的干眼会导致角膜上皮损伤,干眼程度越重则角膜上皮损伤也越严重。
干眼相关角膜上皮损伤的临床表现主要是中度以上的干眼症状和体征,同时伴随角膜上皮点状、片状损害以及角膜荧光素染色阳性等,其治疗主要包括眼表润滑剂、抗炎药物的应用,以改善泪膜稳定性及补充外源性生长因子,促进角膜上皮的修复。
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