首页 中华核医学与分子影像杂志 2021年41卷04期
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2021版)
中华核医学与分子影像杂志
期刊首页
过刊列表
高级检索
稿件发表
• 指南与共识 •
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2021版)
中华医学会核医学分会 
作者及单位信息
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn321828-20201113-00412
Guidelines for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer (2021 edition)
Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine
Gao Zairong
Li Sijin
Authors Info & Affiliations
Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine
Gao Zairong
Li Sijin
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn321828-20201113-00412
0
0
0
0
0
0
扫描转手机阅读
下载中华医学期刊APP阅读更流畅 体验更丰富
PDF下载
APP内阅读
引用本文
中华医学会核医学分会. 131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2021版) [J]. 中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2021,41(04)：218-241.
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn321828-20201113-00412PERMISSIONS
Request permissions for this article from CCC.
评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
5分
[累计个]
向我们报错
版权归中华医学会所有。
未经授权，不得转载、摘编本刊文章，不得使用本刊的版式设计。
除非特别声明，本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。
近几年有关分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer, DTC)术后
131I治疗理念、治疗手段、随访监测及评估体系不断更新，针对我国DTC的发病及诊治现状，中华医学会核医学分会组织专家委员会对《
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2014版)》
[
1
]进行了修订，制定了《
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2021版)》，以期进一步规范和指导我国
131I治疗DTC的临床诊治行为。本指南的推荐级别见
表1
，证据强度分级见
表2
。
| 推荐级别 | 获益/风险指向性 |
|---|---|
| 强推荐 | 能够改善健康的结局，利弊可以明确评判 |
| 弱推荐 | 能够改善健康的结局，利弊可以评判 |
| 无推荐 | 利弊无法评判，不能明确能否改善健康的结局 |
展开表格
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)的推荐强度分级
| 证据级别 | 涵义 |
|---|---|
| 高质量证据 | 循证医学证据级别高 |
| 中等质量证据 | 循证医学证据级别良好 |
| 低质量证据 | 循证医学证据不足或者基于专家意见 |
| 无有效证据 | 循证医学证据不足 |
展开表格
131I治疗DTC的证据强度分级
试读结束，您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
已是订阅账户?
登录
参考文献
[1]
中华医学会核医学分会.
131I治疗分化型甲状腺癌指南(2014版)
[J]．中华核医学与分子影像杂志， 2014，34(4):264-278. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2014.04.002
.
Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine. Clinical guidelines for
131I therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer
[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2014,34(4):264-278. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2014.04.002
.
[2]
Vaccarella S , Dal Maso L , Laversanne M ,et al. The impact of diagnostic changes on the rise in thyroid cancer incidence: a population-based study in selected high-resource countries[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(10):1127-1136. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2015.0116
.
[3]
Bray F , Ferlay J , Soerjomataram I ,et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018,68(6):394-424. DOI:
10.3322/caac.21492
.
[4]
Chen W , Zheng R , Baade PD ,et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016,66(2):115-132. DOI:
10.3322/caac.21338
.
[5]
郑荣寿，孙可欣，张思维，等. 2015年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析[J]．中华肿瘤杂志， 2019，41(1):19-28. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008
.
Zheng RS , Sun KX , Zhang SW ,et al. Report of cancer epidemiology in China, 2015[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2019,41(1):19-28. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008
.
[6]
Howlader N , Noone AM , Krapcho M ,et al. SEER Cancer statistics review, 1975-2017, National Cancer Institute[EB/OL]. ( 2020-04-15) [2020-09-20]. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2017/.
[7]
Kazaure HS , Roman SA , Sosa JA . Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer: incidence, characteristics and predictors of survival among 43 738 patients[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012,19(6):1874-1880. DOI:
10.1245/s10434-011-2129-x
.
[8]
Melmed S , Polonsky KS , Larsen PR ,et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology[M]. 12th ed. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders, 2011:440-475.
[9]
Haugen BR , Alexander EK , Bible KC ,et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2016,26(1):1-133. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2015.0020
.
[10]
McNeil C . Annual cancer statistics report raises key questions[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2006,98(22):1598-1599. DOI:
10.1093/jnci/djj484
.
[11]
Burgess JR , Tucker P . Incidence trends for papillary thyroid carcinoma and their correlation with thyroid surgery and thyroid fine-needle aspirate cytology[J]. Thyroid, 2006,16(1):47-53. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2006.16.47
.
[12]
Hegedüs L . Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004,351(17):1764-1771. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMcp031436
.
[13]
Fiore E , Vitti P . Serum TSH and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in nodular thyroid disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012,97(4):1134-1145. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2011-2735
.
[14]
McLeod DS , Watters KF , Carpenter AD ,et al. Thyrotropin and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012,97(8):2682-2692. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2012-1083
.
[15]
Pacini F , Pinchera A , Giani C ,et al. Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 1980,3(3):283-292. DOI:
10.1007/BF03348277
.
[16]
中国医师协会外科医师分会甲状腺外科医师委员会，中国研究型医院学会甲状腺疾病专业委员会，中国医学装备协会外科装备分会甲状腺外科装备委员会．超声引导下甲状腺结节细针穿刺活检专家共识及操作指南(2018版)[J]．中国实用外科杂志， 2018，38(3):241-244. DOI：
10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2018.03.01
.
Thyroid Surgeons Committee of Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Association,Thyroid Disease Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association,Thyroid Surgery Equipment Committee of Surgical Equipment Branch of Chinese Medical Equipment Association. Expert consensus and operation guidelines for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules (2018 edition)[J]. Chin J Prac Surg, 2018,38(3):241-244. DOI:
10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2018.03.01
.
[17]
Ko SY , Lee HS , Kim EK ,et al. Application of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in thyroid ultrasonography interpretation by less experienced physicians[J]. Ultrasonography, 2014,33(1):49-57. DOI:
10.14366/usg.13016
.
[18]
Rago T , Santini F , Scutari M ,et al. Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007,92(8):2917-2922. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2007-0641
.
[19]
Shetty SK , Maher MM , Hahn PF ,et al. Significance of incidental thyroid lesions detected on CT: correlation among CT, sonography, and pathology[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006,187(5):1349-1356. DOI:
10.2214/AJR.05.0468
.
[20]
关志伟，徐白萱，陈英茂，等．大规模人群FDG PET/CT意外发现甲状腺高代谢结节的回顾性分析[J]．中华核医学与分子影像杂志， 2012，32(1):32-35. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2012.01.010
.
Guan ZW , Xu BX , Chen YM ,et al. Retrospective evaluation of focal hypermetabolic thyroid nodules incidentally identified by
18F-FDG PET/CT in a large population
[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2012,32(1):32-35. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2012.01.010
.
[21]
Kessler A , Gavriel H , Zahav S ,et al. Accuracy and consistency of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of solitary thyroid nodules[J]. Isr Med Assoc J, 2005,7(6):371-373.
[22]
吴启敏，王超洋. 146例甲状腺结节细胞穿刺病理学分析[J]．中国中西医结合外科杂志， 2015，21(1):70-71. DOI：
10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2015.01.024
.
Wu QM , Wang CY . Pathological analysis of 146 cases of thyroid nodule cell puncture[J]. Chin J Surg Integr Tradit West Med, 2015,21(1):70-71. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2015.01.024
.
[23]
Wartofsky L , van Nostrand D . Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management[M]. 3rd ed. New York:Springer, 2016:371-376.
[24]
Can AS , Peker K . Comparison of palpation-versus ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies in the evaluation of thyroid nodules[J]. BMC Res Notes, 2008,1:12. DOI:
10.1186/1756-0500-1-12
.
[25]
Chisholm EJ , Economides P , Elmiyeh B ,et al. Pictorial ultrasound reports combined with fine needle washout thyroglobulin assay to aid thyroid surgery[J]. Laryngoscope, 2011,121(6):1231-1232. DOI:
10.1002/lary.21765
.
[26]
Leboulleux S , Tuttle RM , Pacini F ,et al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: time to shift from surgery to active surveillance？[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2016,4(11):933-942. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30180-2
.
[27]
Brito JP , Hay ID . Management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2019,48(1):199-213. DOI:
10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.006
.
[28]
Ji YB , Song CM , Kim D ,et al. Efficacy of hemithyroidectomy in papillary thyroid carcinoma with minimal extrathyroidal extension[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2019,276(12):3435-3442. DOI:
10.1007/s00405-019-05598-z
.
[29]
Kwon H , Jeon MJ , Kim WG ,et al. A comparison of lobectomy and total thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective individual risk factor-matched cohort study[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2017,176(4):371-378. DOI:
10.1530/EJE-16-0845
.
[30]
Patel KN , Yip L , Lubitz CC ,et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults[J]. Ann Surg, 2020,271(3):e21-e93. DOI:
10.1097/SLA.0000000000003580
.
[31]
Cady B , Rossi R . An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Surgery, 1988,104(6):947-953.
[32]
Hay ID , Bergstralh EJ , Goellner JR ,et al. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1 779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989[J]. Surgery, 1993,114(6):1050-1057; discussion 1057-1058.
[33]
Sherman SI , Brierley JD , Sperling M ,et al. Prospective multicenter study of thyroiscarcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group[J]. Cancer, 1998,83(5):1012-1021. DOI:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1012::aid-cncr28>3.0.co;2-9
.
[34]
Xing M , Alzahrani AS , Carson KA ,et al. Association between BRAF
V600E mutation and mortality in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
[J]. JAMA, 2013,309(14):1493-1501. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2013.3190
.
[35]
Lee KC , Li C , Schneider EB ,et al. Is BRAF mutation associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer？[J]. Surgery, 2012,152(6):977-983. DOI:
10.1016/j.surg.2012.08.019
.
[36]
Zeiger MA , Schneider EB . BRAF
V600E mutation independently predicts central compartment lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013,20(1):3-4. DOI:
10.1245/s10434-012-2614-x
.
[37]
Ito Y , Higashiyama T , Takamura Y ,et al. Prognosis of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma showing postoperative recurrence to the central neck[J]. World J Surg, 2011,35(4):767-772. DOI:
10.1007/s00268-010-0924-3
.
[38]
Uchida H , Imai T , Kikumori T ,et al. Long-term results of surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma with local recurrence[J]. Surg Today, 2013,43(8):848-853. DOI:
10.1007/s00595-012-0353-z
.
[39]
Newman KD , Black T , Heller G ,et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis: a report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children′s Cancer Group[J]. Ann Surg, 1998,227(4):533-541. DOI:
10.1097/00000658-199804000-00014
.
[40]
Robie DK , Dinauer CW , Tuttle RM ,et al. The impact of initial surgical management on outcome in young patients with differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 1998,33(7):1134-1138; discussion 1139-1140. DOI:
10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90546-2
.
[41]
Grant CS , Hay ID , Gough IR ,et al. Local recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma: is extent of surgical resection important？[J]. Surgery, 1988,104(6):954-962.
[42]
Uruno T , Miyauchi A , Shimizu K ,et al. Prognosis after reoperation for local recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Surg Today, 2004,34(11):891-895. DOI:
10.1007/s00595-004-2852-z
.
[43]
Rosenthal MS , Angelos P , Cooper DS ,et al. Clinical and professional ethics guidelines for the practice of thyroidology[J]. Thyroid, 2013,23(10):1203-1210. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2013.0124
.
[44]
Tufano RP , Bishop J , Wu G . Reoperative central compartment dissection for patients with recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid cancer: efficacy, safety, and the association of the BRAF mutation[J]. Laryngoscope, 2012,122(7):1634-1640. DOI:
10.1002/lary.23371
.
[45]
Shokoohi A , Berthelet E , Gill S ,et al. Treatment for recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer: a Canadian population based experience[J]. Cureus, 2020,12(2):e7122. DOI:
10.7759/cureus.7122
.
[46]
Urken ML , Milas M , Randolph GW ,et al. Management of recurrent and persistent metastatic lymph nodes in well-differentiated thyroid cancer: a multifactorial decision-making guide for the Thyroid Cancer Care Collaborative[J]. Head Neck, 2015,37(4):605-614. DOI:
10.1002/hed.23615
.
[47]
Yang L , Shen W , Sakamoto N . Population-based study evaluating and predicting the probability of death resulting from thyroid cancer and other causes among patients with thyroid cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013,31(4):468-474. DOI:
10.1200/JCO.2012.42.4457
.
[48]
Amin MB , Edge SB , Greene FL ,et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual[M]. 8th ed. New York:Springer, 2017.
[49]
Kim TH , Kim YN , Kim HI ,et al. Prognostic value of the eighth edition AJCC TNM classification for differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Oral Oncol, 2017,71:81-86. DOI:
10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.06.004
.
[50]
Kim M , Kim WG , Oh HS ,et al. Comparison of the seventh and eighth editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control tumor-node-metastasis staging system for differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2017,27(9):1149-1155. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2017.0050
.
[51]
Nixon IJ , Wang LY , Migliacci JC ,et al. An international multi-institutional validation of age 55 years as a cutoff for risk stratification in the AJCC/UICC staging system for well-differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2016,26(3):373-380. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2015.0315
.
[52]
American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, Cooper DS , Doherty GM ,et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2009,19(11):1167-1214. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2009.0110
.
[53]
Stewart BW , Wild CP . World cancer report 2014[M]. Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014:16-53.
[54]
Kim TY , Kim WB , Rhee YS ,et al. The BRAF mutation is useful for prediction of clinical recurrence in low-risk patients with conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2006,65(3):364-368. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02605.x
.
[55]
Park YJ , Kim YA , Lee YJ ,et al. Papillary microcarcinoma in comparison with larger papillary thyroid carcinoma in BRAF
V600E mutation, clinicopathological features, and immunohistochemical findings
[J]. Head Neck, 2010,32(1):38-45. DOI:
10.1002/hed.21142
.
[56]
Niemeier LA , Kuffner Akatsu H , Song C ,et al. A combined molecular-pathologic score improves risk stratification of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma[J]. Cancer, 2012,118(8):2069-2077. DOI:
10.1002/cncr.26425
.
[57]
Tuttle RM , Leboeuf R . Follow up approaches in thyroid cancer: a risk adapted paradigm[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2008,37(2):419-435, ix-x. DOI:
10.1016/j.ecl.2008.02.008
.
[58]
高再荣．《分化型甲状腺癌术后
131I治疗临床路径专家共识(2017版)》解读
[J]．中华核医学与分子影像杂志， 2018，38(6):420-421. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.06.010
.
Gao ZR . Interpretation for 2017 expert consensus for clinical pathways on postoperative
131I treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2018,38(6):420-421. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.06.010
.
[59]
Zhao T , Liang J , Li T ,et al. Serial stimulated thyroglobulin measurements are more specific for detecting distant metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer before radioiodine therapy[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2017,29(3):213-222. DOI:
10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.03.07
.
[60]
Zhao T , Liang J , Li T ,et al. Value of serial preablative thyroglobulin measurements: can we address the impact of thyroid remnants？[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2016,37(6):632-639. DOI:
10.1097/MNM.0000000000000485
.
[61]
Kim WG , Yoon JH , Kim WB ,et al. Change of serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels is useful for prediction of clinical recurrence in thyroglobulin-negative patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008,93(12):4683-4689. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2008-0962
.
[62]
中国临床肿瘤学会甲状腺癌专业委员会，中国研究型医院学会分子诊断专业委员会甲状腺癌学组，医促会甲状腺疾病专业委员会核医学组，等．分化型甲状腺癌术后
131I治疗前评估专家共识
[J]．中国癌症杂志， 2019，29(10):832-840. DOI：
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2019.10.011
.
Thyroid Cancer Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,Thyroid Cancer Group of Molecular Diagnosis Committee of Chinese Society of Research Hospitals,Nuclear Medicine Group of Thyroid Diseases Committee of Council for Promotion of Health Care,et al. Expert consensus on pre-treatment evaluation of
131I after operation for differentiated thyroid cancer
[J]. China Oncology, 2019,29(10):832-840. DOI:
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2019.10.011
.
[63]
Piccardo A , Trimboli P , Foppiani L ,et al. PET/CT in thyroid nodule and differentiated thyroid cancer patients. The evidence-based state of the art[J]. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2019,20(1):47-64. DOI:
10.1007/s11154-019-09491-2
.
[64]
Mallick U , Harmer C , Yap B ,et al. Ablation with low-dose radioiodine and thyrotropin alfa in thyroid cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012,366(18):1674-1685. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1109589
.
[65]
Gómez-Pérez AM , García-Alemán J , Molina-Vega M ,et al. Efficacy of low-dose radioiodine ablation in low- and intermediate-risk differentiated thyroid cancer: a retrospective comparative analysis[J]. J Clin Med, 2020,9(2):581. DOI:
10.3390/jcm9020581
.
[66]
Souza Rosário PW , Barroso AL , Rezende LL ,et al. Post I-131 therapy scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma metastases: an unnecessary cost or a relevant contribution？[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2004,29(12):795-798. DOI:
10.1097/00003072-200412000-00005
.
[67]
Zilioli V , Peli A , Panarotto MB ,et al. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma: incremental diagnostic value of
131I SPECT/CT over planar whole body scan after radioiodine therapy
[J]. Endocrine, 2017,56(3):551-559. DOI:
10.1007/s12020-016-1086-3
.
[68]
Schmidt D , Szikszai A , Linke R ,et al. Impact of
131I SPECT/spiral CT on nodal staging of differentiated thyroid carcinoma at the first radioablation
[J]. J Nucl Med, 2009,50(1):18-23. DOI:
10.2967/jnumed.108.052746
.
[69]
Maruoka Y , Abe K , Baba S ,et al. Incremental diagnostic value of SPECT/CT with
131I scintigraphy after radioiodine therapy in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma
[J]. Radiology, 2012,265(3):902-909. DOI:
10.1148/radiol.12112108
.
[70]
Tuttle RM , Ahuja S , Avram AM ,et al. Controversies, consensus, and collaboration in the use of
131I therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: a joint statement from the American Thyroid Association, the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the European Thyroid Association
[J]. Thyroid, 2019,29(4):461-470. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2018.0597
.
[71]
Tuttle RM . Controversial issues in thyroid cancer management[J]. J Nucl Med, 2018,59(8):1187-1194. DOI:
10.2967/jnumed.117.192559
.
[72]
Cheng L , Sa R , Luo Q ,et al. Unexplained hyperthyroglobulinemia in differentiated thyroid cancer patients as an indication for radioiodine adjuvant therapy: a prospective multicenter study[J]. J Nucl Med, 2021,62(1):62-68. DOI:
10.2967/jnumed.120.243642
.
[73]
Chow SM , Yau S , Kwan CK ,et al. Local and regional control in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: specific indications of external radiotherapy and radioactive iodine according to T and N categories in AJCC 6th edition[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2006,13(4):1159-1172. DOI:
10.1677/erc.1.01320
.
[74]
Miller JE , Al-Attar NC , Brown OH ,et al. Location and causation of residual lymph node metastasis after surgical treatment of regionally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2018,28(5):593-600. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2017.0434
.
[75]
Piccardo A , Puntoni M , Bottoni G ,et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer lymph-node relapse. Role of adjuvant radioactive iodine therapy after lymphadenectomy[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017,44(6):926-934. DOI:
10.1007/s00259-016-3593-0
.
[76]
Wu X , Gu H , Gao Y ,et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of radioiodine ablation therapy for lymph node metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2018,39(1):22-27. DOI:
10.1097/MNM.0000000000000777
.
[77]
Song HJ , Qiu ZL , Shen CT ,et al. Pulmonary metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer: efficacy of radioiodine therapy and prognostic factors[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2015,173(3):399-408. DOI:
10.1530/EJE-15-0296
.
[78]
Qiu ZL , Song HJ , Xu YH ,et al. Efficacy and survival analysis of
131I therapy for bone metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer
[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2011,96(10):3078-3086. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2011-0093
.
[79]
Song HJ , Wu CG , Xue YL ,et al. Percutaneous osteoplasty combined with radioiodine therapy as a treatment for bone metastasis developing after differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2012,37(6):e129-133. DOI:
10.1097/RLU.0b013e31824786d0
.
[80]
Sun F , Gerrard GE , Roberts JK ,et al. Ten year experience of radioiodine dosimetry: is it useful in the management of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer？[J]. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2017,29(5):310-315. DOI:
10.1016/j.clon.2017.01.002
.
[81]
Bertagna F , Bosio G , Biasiotto G ,et al. F-18 FDG-PET/CT evaluation of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with negative I-131 total body scan and high thyroglobulin level[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2009,34(11):756-761. DOI:
10.1097/RLU.0b013e3181b7d95c
.
[82]
Wu HB , Wang QS , Wang MF ,et al. Utility of
11C-choline imaging as a supplement to F-18 FDG PET imaging for detection of thyroid carcinoma
[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2011,36(2):91-95. DOI:
10.1097/RLU.0b013e318203bb55
.
[83]
Francis GL , Waguespack SG , Bauer AJ ,et al. Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(7):716-759. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2014.0460
.
[84]
中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会甲状腺癌专家委员会．中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)持续/复发及转移性分化型甲状腺癌诊疗指南-2019[J]．肿瘤预防与治疗， 2019，32(12):1051-1079. DOI：
10.3969/j.issn.1674-0904.2019.12.003
.
Expert Panel on Thyroid Cancer, Guidelines Working Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. Guidelines of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): persistent/recurrent and metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer-2019[J]. J Cancer Control Treat, 2019,32(12):1051-1079. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1674-0904.2019.12.003
.
[85]
Filetti S , Durante C , Hartl D ,et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J]. Ann Oncol, 2019,30(12):1856-1883. DOI:
10.1093/annonc/mdz400
.
[86]
Fard-Esfahani A , Emami-Ardekani A , Fallahi B ,et al. Adverse effects of radioactive iodine-131 treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2014,35(8):808-817. DOI:
10.1097/MNM.0000000000000132
.
[87]
Molinaro E , Leboeuf R , Shue B ,et al. Mild decreases in white blood cell and platelet counts are present one year after radioactive iodine remnant ablation[J]. Thyroid, 2009,19(10):1035-1041. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2008.0430
.
[88]
Klein Hesselink EN , Links TP . Radioiodine treatment and thyroid hormone suppression therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: adverse effects support the trend toward less aggressive treatment for low-risk patients[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2015,4(2):82-92. DOI:
10.1159/000432397
.
[89]
Lee SL . Complications of radioactive iodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2010,8(11):1277-1286; quiz 1287. DOI:
10.6004/jnccn.2010.0094
.
[90]
Bourcigaux N , Rubino C , Berthaud I ,et al. Impact on testicular function of a single ablative activity of 3.7 GBq radioactive iodine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Hum Reprod, 2018,33(8):1408-1416. DOI:
10.1093/humrep/dey222
.
[91]
Yaish I , Azem F , Gutfeld O ,et al. A single radioactive iodine treatment has a deleterious effect on ovarian reserve in women with thyroid cancer: results of a prospective pilot study[J]. Thyroid, 2018,28(4):522-527. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2017.0442
.
[92]
Wu JQ , Feng HJ , Ouyang W ,et al. Systematic evaluation of salivary gland damage following I-131 therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer patients by quantitative scintigraphy and clinical follow-up[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2015,36(8):819-826. DOI:
10.1097/MNM.0000000000000325
.
[93]
Hollingsworth B , Senter L , Zhang X ,et al. Risk factors of
131I-induced salivary gland damage in thyroid cancer patients
[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016,101(11):4085-4093. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2016-1605
.
[94]
Wartofsky L , van Nostrand D . Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management[M]. 3rd ed. New York:Springer, 2016:685.
[95]
Jeong SY , Kim HW , Lee SW ,et al. Salivary gland function 5 years after radioactive iodine ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: direct comparison of pre- and postablation scintigraphies and their relation to xerostomia symptoms[J]. Thyroid, 2013,23(5):609-616. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2012.0106
.
[96]
Solans R , Bosch JA , Galofré P ,et al. Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) after radioiodine therapy[J]. J Nucl Med, 2001,42(5):738-743.
[97]
Zettinig G , Hanselmayer G , Fueger BJ ,et al. Long-term impairment of the lacrimal glands after radioiodine therapy: a cross-sectional study[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2002,29(11):1428-1432. DOI:
10.1007/s00259-002-0969-0
.
[98]
Chen P , Feng HJ , Ouyang W ,et al. Risk factors for nonremission and progression-free survival after I-131 therapy in patients with lung metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer: a single-institute, retrospective analysis in southern China[J]. Endocr Pract, 2016,22(9):1048-1056. DOI:
10.4158/EP151139.OR
.
[99]
Hindié E , Mellière D , Lange F ,et al. Functioning pulmonary metastases of thyroid cancer: does radioiodine influence the prognosis？[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2003,30(7):974-981. DOI:
10.1007/s00259-003-1174-5
.
[100]
关海霞．从经验到循证，理性设定分化型甲状腺癌促甲状腺激素抑制治疗目标[J]．中华内科杂志， 2014，53(9):694-696. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2014.09.005
.
Guan HX . From experience to evidence-based, rationally setting targets for thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Chin J Intern Med, 2014,53(9):694-696. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2014.09.005
.
[101]
Biondi B , Cooper DS . Benefits of thyrotropin suppression versus the risks of adverse effects in differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2010,20(2):135-146. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2009.0311
.
[102]
中华医学会内分泌学分会，中华医学会外科学分会内分泌学组，中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会，等．甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南[J]．中华内分泌代谢杂志， 2012，28(10):779-797. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2012.10.002
.
Chinese Society of Endocrinology,Chinese Society of General Surgery Endocrinology Group,China Anti-Cancer Association Head and Neck Tumor Professional Committee,et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinomas[J]. Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2012,28(10):779-797. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2012.10.002
.
[103]
中华医学会内分泌学分会．成人甲状腺功能减退症诊治指南[J]．中华内分泌代谢杂志， 2017，33(2):167-180. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2017.02.018
.
Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism in adults[J]. Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2017,33(2):167-180. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2017.02.018
.
[104]
Bach-Huynh TG , Nayak B , Loh J ,et al. Timing of levothyroxine administration affects serum thyrotropin concentration[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009,94(10):3905-3912. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2009-0860
.
[105]
Klein Hesselink EN , Klein Hesselink MS , de Bock GH ,et al. Long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: an observational study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013,31(32):4046-4053. DOI:
10.1200/JCO.2013.49.1043
.
[106]
Flynn RW , Bonellie SR , Jung RT ,et al. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and fractures in patients on long-term thyroxine therapy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010,95(1):186-193. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2009-1625
.
[107]
Mazziotti G , Formenti AM , Frara S ,et al. High prevalence of radiological vertebral fractures in women on thyroid-stimulating hormone-suppressive therapy for thyroid carcinoma[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018,103(3):956-964. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2017-01986
.
[108]
Pajamäki N , Metso S , Hakala T ,et al. Long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2018,88(2):303-310. DOI:
10.1111/cen.13519
.
[109]
Berdelou A , Lamartina L , Klain M ,et al. Treatment of refractory thyroid cancer[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2018,25(4):R209-R223. DOI:
10.1530/ERC-17-0542
.
[110]
Schlumberger M , Brose M , Elisei R ,et al. Definition and management of radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2014,2(5):356-358. DOI:
10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70215-8
.
[111]
Rivera M , Ghossein RA , Schoder H ,et al. Histopathologic characterization of radioactive iodine-refractory fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography-positive thyroid carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 2008,113(1):48-56. DOI:
10.1002/cncr.23515
.
[112]
丛慧，梁军，林岩松．碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌的诊断与靶向治疗[J]．国际放射医学核医学杂志， 2015，39(1):25-31. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2015.01.007
.
Cong H , Liang J , Lin YS . Diagnosis and targeted therapy of radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Int J Radiat Med Nucl Med, 2015,39(1):25-31. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2015.01.007
.
[113]
中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)甲状腺癌专家委员会，中国研究型医院学会甲状腺疾病专业委员会，中国医师协会外科医师分会甲状腺外科医师委员会，等．碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌的诊治管理共识(2019年版)[J]．中国癌症杂志， 2019，29(6):476-480. DOI：
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2019.06.013
.
Thyroid Cancer Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,Thyroid Disease Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association,Thyroid Surgeons Committee of Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Association,et al. Consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and management of iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer(2019 edition)[J]. China Oncology, 2019,29(6):476-480. DOI:
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2019.06.013
.
[114]
Durante C , Haddy N , Baudin E ,et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006,91(8):2892-2899. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2005-2838
.
[115]
Thies ED , Tanase K , Maeder U ,et al. The number of
131I therapy courses needed to achieve complete remission is an indicator of prognosis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma
[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2014,41(12):2281-2290. DOI:
10.1007/s00259-014-2851-2
.
[116]
Burman KD . Treatment of recurrent or persistent cervical node metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer: deceptively simple options[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012,97(8):2623-2625. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2012-2480
.
[117]
Baek JH , Kim YS , Sung JY ,et al. Locoregional control of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer by ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2011,197(2):W331-336. DOI:
10.2214/AJR.10.5345
.
[118]
Romesser PB , Sherman EJ , Shaha AR ,et al. External beam radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy in advanced or recurrent non-anaplastic non-medullary thyroid cancer[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2014,110(4):375-382. DOI:
10.1002/jso.23656
.
[119]
Kiess AP , Agrawal N , Brierley JD ,et al. External-beam radiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer locoregional control: a statement of the American Head and Neck Society[J]. Head Neck, 2016,38(4):493-498. DOI:
10.1002/hed.24357
.
[120]
陈志军，谭丽玲，粟宇，等.
125I粒子植入治疗难治性甲状腺癌骨转移临床应用
[J]．中华核医学与分子影像杂志， 2018，38(1):14-16. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.01.004
.
Chen ZJ , Tan LL , Su Y ,et al. Clinical application of
125I seeds implantation for bone metastasis from iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer
[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2018,38(1):14-16. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2018.01.004
.
[121]
Pacini F , Castagna MG , Brilli L ,et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J]. Ann Oncol, 2012,23(Suppl 7):vii110-119. DOI:
10.1093/annonc/mds230
.
[122]
Sherman SI . Cytotoxic chemotherapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma[J]. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2010,22(6):464-468. DOI:
10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.014
.
[123]
Brose MS , Nutting CM , Jarzab B ,et al. Sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory, locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2014,384(9940):319-328. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60421-9
.
[124]
Chen L , Shen Y , Luo Q ,et al. Response to sorafenib at a low dose in patients with radioiodine-refractory pulmonary metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Thyroid, 2011,21(2):119-124. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2010.0199
.
[125]
Schlumberger M , Tahara M , Wirth LJ ,et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015,372(7):621-630. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1406470
.
[126]
张鑫，王宸，梁军，等．进展性碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者阿帕替尼治疗后血清学与影像学指标变化[J]．中国肿瘤临床， 2017，44(8):371-376. DOI：
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.08.172
.
Zhang X , Wang C , Liang J ,et al. Follow-up study on biochemical and structural response in progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with apatinib[J]. Chin J Clin Oncol, 2017,44(8):371-376. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.08.172
.
[127]
林岩松，王宸，李慧，等．甲磺酸阿帕替尼治疗进展性碘难治性甲状腺癌的短期疗效及安全性初步报告[J]．中国癌症杂志， 2016，26(9):721-726. DOI：
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2016.09.001
.
Lin YS , Wang C , Li H ,et al. The preliminary report about the efficacy and safety evaluation of apatinib in progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer within 8 weeks[J]. China Oncology, 2016,26(9):721-726. DOI:
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2016.09.001
.
[128]
Zhang X , Wang C , Lin Y . Pilot dose comparison of apatinib in Chinese patients with progressive radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018,103(10):3640-3646. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2018-00381
.
[129]
Lin Y , Wang C , Gao W ,et al. Overwhelming rapid metabolic and structural response to apatinib in radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Oncotarget, 2017,8(26):42252-42261. DOI:
10.18632/oncotarget.15036
.
[130]
Drilon A , Laetsch TW , Kummar S ,et al. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018,378(8):731-739. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa1714448
.
[131]
Nishino M , Jackman DM , Hatabu H ,et al. New Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: comparison with original RECIST and impact on assessment of tumor response to targeted therapy[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010,195(3):W221-228. DOI:
10.2214/AJR.09.3928
.
[132]
Wang C , Zhang X , Yang X ,et al. PET response assessment in apatinib-treated radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2018,25(6):653-663. DOI:
10.1530/ERC-18-0007
.
[133]
中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)甲状腺癌专家委员会．碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌靶向药物不良反应管理专家共识(2018年版)[J]．中国癌症杂志， 2018，28(7):545-553. DOI：
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2018.07.012
.
Thyroid Cancer Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. Expert consensus on adverse reaction management of targeted drugs for iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (2018 edition)[J]. China Oncology, 2018,28(7):545-553. DOI:
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2018.07.012
.
[134]
Dunn LA , Sherman EJ , Baxi SS ,et al. Vemurafenib redifferentiation of BRAF mutant, RAI-refractory thyroid cancers[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019,104(5):1417-1428. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2018-01478
.
[135]
Liu J , Liu Y , Lin Y ,et al. Radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and redifferentiation therapy[J]. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul), 2019,34(3):215-225. DOI:
10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.215
.
[136]
Sawka AM , Lakra DC , Lea J ,et al. A systematic review examining the effects of therapeutic radioactive iodine on ovarian function and future pregnancy in female thyroid cancer survivors[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2008,69(3):479-490. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03222.x
.
[137]
Sawka AM , Lea J , Alshehri B ,et al. A systematic review of the gonadal effects of therapeutic radioactive iodine in male thyroid cancer survivors[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2008,68(4):610-617. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03081.x
.
[138]
International Atomic Energy Agency. No. SSG-46 Radiation protection and safety in medical uses of ionizing radiation[S]. Vienna:IAEA, 2018.
[139]
Brown AP , Chen J , Hitchcock YJ ,et al. The risk of second primary malignancies up to three decades after the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008,93(2):504-515. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2007-1154
.
[140]
Rubino C , de Vathaire F , Dottorini ME ,et al. Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients[J]. Br J Cancer, 2003,89(9):1638-1644. DOI:
10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319
.
[141]
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Release of patients after therapy with unsealed radionuclides[M]. Rochester:Lightning Source Inc, 2004.
[143]
de Carvalho AB Jr, Hunt J , Silva AX ,et al. Use of a voxel phantom as a source and a second voxel phantom as a target to calculate effective doses in individuals exposed to patients treated with
131I
[J]. J Nucl Med Technol, 2009,37(1):53-56. DOI:
10.2967/jnmt.108.058172
.
[144]
North DL . Uptake of
131I in households of thyroid cancer patients
[J]. Health Phys, 2013,104(4):434-436. DOI:
10.1097/HP.0b013e31828326ae
.
[145]
Rémy H , Coulot J , Borget I ,et al. Thyroid cancer patients treated with
131I: radiation dose to relatives after discharge from the hospital
[J]. Thyroid, 2012,22(1):59-63. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2010.0406
.
[146]
American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Radioiodine Safety, Sisson JC , Freitas J ,et al. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine
131I : practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association
[J]. Thyroid, 2011,21(4):335-346. DOI:
10.1089/thy.2010.0403
.
[147]
中华医学会核医学分会《临床核医学辐射安全专家共识》编写委员会．临床核医学辐射安全专家共识[J]．中华核医学与分子影像杂志， 2017，37(4):225-229. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2017.04.008
.
Writing Committee of Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine for the Expert Consensus on Radiation Safety in Clinical Nuclear Medicine. Expert consensus on radiation safety in clinical nuclear medicine[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017,37(4):225-229. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2017.04.008
.
备注信息
评论 （0条）
注册 登录
时间排序
- 时间排序
暂无评论，发表第一条评论抢沙发
分享
详细信息
表
访问与引文
阅读权限
参考文献
访问与引用
访问数据
0
0
全部时间 最近30天 最近6个月 最近12个月
MedAI助手（体验版）
文档即答
智问智答
机器翻译
回答内容由人工智能生成，我社无法保证其准确性和完整性，该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点，仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照
文献快照
N/A
N/A
AI总结中
N/A
N/A
快照内容由人工智能生成，供您参考。
你好，我可以帮助您更好的了解本文，请向我提问您关注的问题。
0/50
很抱歉，当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
0/2000
信息反馈
中文(简体)
英文
翻译
机器翻译功能由科大讯飞提供技术支持
回答内容由人工智能生成，我社无法保证其准确性和完整性，该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点，仅供参考。
你好！ 今天我能为您提供什么帮助？
0/30
of
很抱歉，当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
扩写 缩写 改写 翻译
0/2000
信息反馈
历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号
小中大
翻译
润色
扩写
缩写
复制
引用
