首页 中华结核和呼吸杂志 2021年44卷10期 单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能否导致肺动脉高压
中华结核和呼吸杂志
期刊首页
过刊列表
高级检索
稿件发表
• 综述 •
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能否导致肺动脉高压
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210115-00045
Whether obstructive sleep apnea alone can lead to pulmonary hypertension
Wang Yuxin
Xiao Yi
Authors Info & Affiliations
Wang Yuxin
Xiao Yi
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210115-00045
868
153
0
1
5
5
扫描转手机阅读
下载中华医学期刊APP阅读更流畅 体验更丰富
PDF下载
APP内阅读
摘要
呼吸系统疾病和(或)缺氧所致肺动脉高压这一分类中,涉及的呼吸系统疾病包括了阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)。尽管OSA动物模型能够出现肺动脉高压、右心功能障碍的结局,但既往关于OSA与肺动脉高压的临床研究文章并未直观回答单纯OSA能否导致肺动脉高压,且结论尚不完全一致。本文希望通过复习以往相关文献,得到一个相对明晰的答案。
引用本文
王宇鑫,肖毅. 单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能否导致肺动脉高压[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2021,44(10):914-921.
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210115-00045PERMISSIONS
Request permissions for this article from CCC.
评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
0分
[累计0个]
向我们报错
肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)指各种原因导致的肺血管结构或功能改变,进而导致肺血管阻力和肺动脉压力升高,诊断标准为:海平面状态下、静息时,右心导管测量肺动脉平均压(mean pulmonary artery pressure,mPAP)≥25 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。健康人 mPAP 为(14±3)mmHg,上限为20 mmHg
[
1
]
。2013年在法国尼斯召开的第五届世界肺动脉高压大会(World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension,WSPH)修订了其临床分类,主要包括5大类:动脉性PH、左心疾病所致PH、肺部疾病和(或)缺氧所致PH、慢性血栓栓塞性PH和(或)其他肺动脉阻塞性病变所致PH、未明和(或)多因素所致PH。其中与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)相关的主要是第3类。此类型大部分患者肺动脉压力轻中度升高,仅少部分严重升高,即mPAP≥35 mmHg或mPAP≥25 mmHg合并低心输出量(心指数<2.5 L·min
-1·m
-2)
[
2
]
。根据目前的文献报道,OSA患者PH患病率为17%~42%
[
3
]
。
持续性的缺氧,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)、间质性肺病(ILD)可以导致PH
[
1
,
4
]
,而OSA的特点是夜间快速循环的高频率的间歇性的缺氧,一般缺氧-复氧的循环周期在15~60 s,每天持续8~9 h,病程可从数日到数年不等。这种间歇性低氧可以增加低氧诱导因子(hypoxia inducible factor,HIF)-1α的表达,从而诱导缺氧相关基因的表达,如血管内皮生长因子等
[
5
]
。Yuan等
[
6
]
的研究表明,与慢性缺氧相比,在快速循环的缺氧条件下,细胞会因CaM激酶转录激活更多的HIF-1α的产生。夜间间歇性低氧事件发生时,低氧诱导的肺血管收缩会增加肺动脉压
[
7
]
,并且反复的缺氧-再灌注也会导致交感神经激活、再灌注损伤和炎症效应,进而造成内皮损伤
[
8
]
,导致小血管阻塞或通过内皮释放的血管活性物质造成肺小血管的收缩和重构,最终导致肺动脉压升高
[
9
,
10
]
。但是这种夜间PH是否会延续为全天的PH,目前尚无定论。
国内外已有不少研究对OSA患者中PH患病率以及OSA能否导致PH相关问题进行了分析,我们希望通过对部分研究的汇总和讨论,回答上述问题。
试读结束,您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
已是订阅账户?
登录
参考文献
[1]
中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会肺栓塞与肺血管病工作委员会,全国肺栓塞与肺血管病防治协作组,等. 中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2021,101(1):11-51. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20201008-02778
.
[2]
中华医学会心血管病学分会肺血管病学组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 中国肺高血压诊断和治疗指南2018[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2018,46(12):933-964. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.12.006
.
[3]
Bady E , Achkar A , Pascal S ,et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome[J]. Thorax, 2000,55(11):934-939. DOI:
10.1136/thorax.55.11.934
.
[4]
Nathan SD , Barbera JA , Gaine SP ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease and hypoxia[J]. Eur Respir J, 2019,53(1). DOI:
10.1183/13993003.01914-2018
.
[5]
Saxena K , Jolly MK . Acute vs. chronic vs. cyclic hypoxia: their differential dynamics, molecular mechanisms, and effects on tumor progression[J]. Biomolecules, 2019,9(8). DOI:
10.3390/biom9080339
.
[6]
Yuan G , Nanduri J , Bhasker CR ,et al. Ca2+/calmodulin kinase-dependent activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 transcriptional activity in cells subjected to intermittent hypoxia[J]. J Biol Chem, 2005,280(6):4321-4328. DOI:
10.1074/jbc.M407706200
.
[7]
Kimura H , Ota H , Kimura Y ,et al. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on pulmonary vascular and systemic diseases[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019,16(17). DOI:
10.3390/ijerph16173101
.
[8]
Hoyos CM , Melehan KL , Liu PY ,et al. Does obstructive sleep apnea cause endothelial dysfunction? A critical review of the literature[J]. Sleep Med Rev, 2015,20:15-26. DOI:
10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.003
.
[9]
Veyssier-Belot C , Cacoub P . Role of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the physiopathology and treatment management of pulmonary hypertension[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 1999,44(2):274-282. DOI:
10.1016/s0008-6363(99)00230-8
.
[10]
Tanaka S , Shiroto T , Godo S ,et al. Important role of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in the pulmonary microcirculation in male mice: implications for hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2018,314(5):H940-H953. DOI:
10.1152/ajpheart.00487.2017
.
[11]
康健,王玮,肖丹,等. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者睡眠中体、肺动脉高血压的发生机制[J]. 医学研究通讯, 2002,31(7):2-6, 11. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1673-548X.2002.07.001
.
[12]
汪学群,张永兴. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者肺动脉高压及对心脏结构和功能的影响[J]. 中国煤炭工业医学杂志, 2004,7(9):887-889. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9564.2004.09.076
.
[13]
高志,钟坚,盛春永,等. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征肺动脉高压患者肾上腺髓质素、心钠素的变化[J]. 中华核医学杂志, 2005,25(5):295-297. DOI:
CNKI:SUN:ZHHY.0.2005-05-019
.
[14]
冯学威,康健,温华,等. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者清醒状态时肺动脉高压形成的危险因素分析[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2006,45(5):382-385. DOI:
10.3760/j.issn:0578-1426.2006.05.011
.
[15]
温燕,李家树,王燕,等. OSAHS患者血清碱性成纤维细胞生长因子水平的变化与肺动脉压的关系[J]. 临床肺科杂志, 2007,12(12):1331-1332. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6663.2007.12.020
.
[16]
张志岷,廖丽萍,邹漳钰. ET-1与VEGF在OSAHS患者肺动脉高压形成中的意义[J]. 中国误诊学杂志, 2009,9(3):561-562.
[17]
胡梅叶,王法红,岳红梅. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血清RhoA/ROCK-2通路的改变与肺动脉高压发生的相关研究[J]. 中国综合临床, 2010,26(3):257-260. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6315.2010.03.013
.
[18]
杨楠,缪莉莉,张锦. OSAHS 与肺动脉高压的相关性研究[J]. 国际呼吸杂志, 2014, (15):1160-1162. DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-436X.2014.15.011
.
[19]
缪莉莉,杨楠,张锦. 睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与肺动脉高压的相关研究[J]. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志, 2014,13(2):146-149. DOI:
10.7507/1671-6205.2014036
.
[20]
高蔚,肖永龙,翁婷,等. OSAHS 并肺动脉高压的危险因素分析[J]. 山东医药, 2014, (39):53-55. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2014.39.020
.
[21]
王学林,王海播,吴纪珍,等. 中重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并肺动脉高压的临床特征分析[J]. 医药论坛杂志, 2014,35(11):44-47.
[22]
高志,武宗义,肖高辉. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合征肺动脉高压相关因素[J]. 临床肺科杂志, 2005,10(4):523-525. DOI:
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6663.2005.04.055
.
[23]
Alchanatis M , Tourkohoriti G , Kakouros S ,et al. Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure on pulmonary hemodynamics[J]. Respiration, 2001,68(6):566-572. DOI:
10.1159/000050574
.
[24]
Araz O , Yilmazel Ucar E , Yalcin A ,et al. The incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea with hypothyroidism[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2013,19:883-887. DOI:
10.12659/MSM.889619
.
[25]
Arias MA , García-Río F , Alonso-Fernández A ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea: effects of continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, controlled cross-over study[J]. Eur Heart J, 2006,27(9):1106-1113. DOI:
10.1093/eurheartj/ehi807
.
[26]
Bady E , Achkar A , Pascal S ,et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome[J]. Thorax, 2000,55(11):934-939. DOI:
10.1136/thorax.55.11.934
.
[27]
Burns AT , Hansen SL , Turner ZS ,et al. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea and a cardiology evaluation: a retrospective analysis[J]. J Clin Sleep Med, 2019,15(8):1081-1087. DOI:
10.5664/jcsm.7794
.
[28]
Chaouat A , Weitzenblum E , Krieger J ,et al. Pulmonary hemodynamics in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Results in 220 consecutive patients[J]. Chest, 1996,109(2):380-386. DOI:
10.1378/chest.109.2.380
.
[29]
Hetzel M , Kochs M , Marx N ,et al. Pulmonary hemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnea: frequency and causes of pulmonary hypertension[J]. Lung, 2003,181(3):157-166. DOI:
10.1007/s00408-003-1017-y
.
[30]
Krieger J , Sforza E , Apprill M ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea patients[J]. Chest, 1989,96(4):729-737. DOI:
10.1378/chest.96.4.729
.
[31]
Laks L , Lehrhaft B , Grunstein RR ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea[J]. Eur Respir J, 1995,8(4):537-541.
[32]
Minai OA , Ricaurte B , Kaw R ,et al. Frequency and impact of pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2009,104(9):1300-1306. DOI:
10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.06.048
.
[33]
Niijima M , Kimura H , Edo H ,et al. Manifestation of pulmonary hypertension during REM sleep in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999,159(6):1766-1772. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9808064
.
[34]
Podszus T , Bauer W , Mayer J ,et al. Sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension[J]. Klin Wochenschr, 1986,64(3):131-134. DOI:
10.1007/BF01732637
.
[35]
Sajkov D , Cowie RJ , Thornton AT ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1994,149(2Pt 1):416-422. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306039
.
[36]
Sajkov D , Wang T , Saunders NA ,et al. Daytime pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with obstructive sleep apnea without lung disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999,159(5Pt 1):1518-1526. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9805086
.
[37]
Sanner BM , Doberauer C , Konermann M ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1997,157(21):2483-2487.
[38]
Weitzenblum E , Krieger J , Apprill M ,et al. Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1988,138(2):345-349. DOI:
10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.345
.
[39]
Wong HT , Chee KH , Chong AW . Pulmonary hypertension and echocardiogram parameters in obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2017,274(6):2601-2606. DOI:
10.1007/s00405-017-4491-1
.
[40]
Yamakawa H , Shiomi T , Sasanabe R ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2002,56(3):311-312. DOI:
10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00957.x
.
[41]
Kessler R , Chaouat A , Weitzenblum E ,et al. Pulmonary hypertension in the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: prevalence, causes and therapeutic consequences[J]. Eur Respir J, 1996,9(4):787-794. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.96.09040787
.
[42]
Atwood CW , McCrory D , Garcia JG ,et al. Pulmonary artery hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines[J]. Chest, 2004,126(1Suppl):72S-77S. DOI:
10.1378/chest.126.1_suppl.72S
.
[43]
Mesarwi O , Malhotra A . Obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension: a bidirectional relationship[J]. J Clin Sleep Med, 2020,16(8):1223-1224. DOI:
10.5664/jcsm.8660
.
[44]
Ismail K , Roberts K , Manning P ,et al. OSA and pulmonary hypertension: time for a new look[J]. Chest, 2015,147(3):847-861. DOI:
10.1378/chest.14-0614
.
[45]
Kholdani C , Fares WH , Mohsenin V . Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: is it clinically significant? A critical analysis of the association and pathophysiology[J]. Pulm Circ, 2015,5(2):220-227. DOI:
10.1086/679995
.
[46]
Wang Z , Li AY , Guo QH ,et al. Effects of cyclic intermittent hypoxia on ET-1 responsiveness and endothelial dysfunction of pulmonary arteries in rats[J]. PLoS One, 2013,8(3):e58078. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0058078
.
[47]
Norton CE , Jernigan NL , Kanagy NL ,et al. Intermittent hypoxia augments pulmonary vascular smooth muscle reactivity to NO: regulation by reactive oxygen species[J]. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2011,111(4):980-988. DOI:
10.1152/japplphysiol.01286.2010
.
[48]
Snow JB , Gonzalez Bosc LV , Kanagy NL ,et al. Role for PKCβ in enhanced endothelin-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstrictor reactivity following intermittent hypoxia[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2011,301(5):L745-754. DOI:
10.1152/ajplung.00020.2011
.
[49]
Snow JB , Kitzis V , Norton CE ,et al. Differential effects of chronic hypoxia and intermittent hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia on pulmonary vasoreactivity[J]. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2008,104(1):110-118. DOI:
10.1152/japplphysiol.00698.2005
.
[50]
Snow JB , Norton CE , Sands MA ,et al. Intermittent hypoxia augments pulmonary vasoconstrictor reactivity through PKCβ/mitochondrial oxidant signaling[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2020,62(6):732-746. DOI:
10.1165/rcmb.2019-0351OC
.
[51]
Zieliński J . Effects of intermittent hypoxia on pulmonary haemodynamics: animal models versus studies in humans[J]. Eur Respir J, 2005,25(1):173-180. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.04.00037204
.
[52]
Yu MS , Jung NR , Choi KH ,et al. An animal model of obstructive sleep apnea in rabbit[J]. Laryngoscope, 2014,124(3):789-796. DOI:
10.1002/lary.24398
.
[53]
Lee MC , Lee CH , Hong SL ,et al. Establishment of a rabbit model of obstructive sleep apnea by paralyzing the genioglossus[J]. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013,139(8):834-840. DOI:
10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4001
.
[54]
Tadic M , Cuspidi C , Grassi G ,et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiac mechanics: how strain could help us?[J]. Heart Fail Rev, 2021,26(4):937-945. DOI:
10.1007/s10741-020-09924-0
.
[55]
Marrone O , Bonsignore MR . Acute and chronic influences of obstructive sleep apnoea on the pulmonary circulation[J]. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 1997,52(3):263-267.
[56]
Sajkov D , McEvoy RD . Pulmonary hemodynamics and hypoxemia in sleep apnea[J]. Chest, 1997,111(1):256-257. DOI:
10.1378/chest.111.1.256-a
.
[57]
Li J , Lin X , Li H ,et al. Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Echocardiography, 2020,37(2):317-322. DOI:
10.1111/echo.14600
.
[58]
Li J , Wang Z , Li Y ,et al. Assessment of regional right ventricular systolic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using velocity vector imaging[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016,95(37):e4788. DOI:
10.1097/MD.0000000000004788
.
[59]
Bonsignore MR , Marrone O , Insalaco G ,et al. The cardiovascular effects of obstructive sleep apnoeas: analysis of pathogenic mechanisms[J]. Eur Respir J, 1994,7(4):786-805. DOI:
10.1183/09031936.94.07040786
.
[60]
Bradley TD . Right and left ventricular functional impairment and sleep apnea[J]. Clin Chest Med, 1992,13(3):459-479.
[61]
Judd BG , Liu S , Sateia MJ . Cardiovascular abnormalities in sleep-disordered breathing[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2003,24(3):315-322. DOI:
10.1055/s-2003-41092
.
[62]
Dempsey JA , Veasey SC , Morgan BJ ,et al. Pathophysiology of sleep apnea[J]. Physiol Rev, 2010,90(1):47-112. DOI:
10.1152/physrev.00043.2008
.
[63]
Javaheri S , Javaheri S , Javaheri A . Sleep apnea, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension[J]. Curr Heart Fail Rep, 2013,10(4):315-320. DOI:
10.1007/s11897-013-0167-3
.
[64]
Lattimore JD , Wilcox I , Adams MR ,et al. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea leads to enhanced pulmonary vascular nitric oxide release[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2008,126(2):229-233. DOI:
10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.001
.
[65]
Golbin JM , Somers VK , Caples SM . Obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary hypertension[J]. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2008,5(2):200-206. DOI:
10.1513/pats.200708-143MG
.
[66]
Iturriaga R , Castillo-Galán S . Potential contribution of carotid body-induced sympathetic and renin-angiotensin system overflow to pulmonary hypertension in intermittent hypoxia[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2019,21(11):89. DOI:
10.1007/s11906-019-0995-y
.
[67]
Wong HS , Williams AJ , Mok Y . The relationship between pulmonary hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2017,23(6):517-521. DOI:
10.1097/MCP.0000000000000421
.
[68]
Karkoulias K , Lykouras D , Sampsonas F ,et al. The role of Endothelin-1 in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and pulmonary arterial hypertension: pathogenesis and Endothelin-1 antagonists[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2010,17(11):1059-1066. DOI:
10.2174/092986710790820624
.
[69]
Cao W , Luo J , Xiao Y . A review of current tools used for evaluating the severity of obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Nat Sci Sleep, 2020,12:1023-1031. DOI:
10.2147/NSS.S275252
.
备注信息
A
肖毅,Email:
mocdef.3ab61hcmupiyoaix
B
王宇鑫, 肖毅. 单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能否导致肺动脉高压[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2021, 44(10): 914-921. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20210115-00045.
C
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
D
国家重点研发计划 (2018YFC1315103) 
评论 (0条)
注册 登录
时间排序
- 时间排序
暂无评论,发表第一条评论抢沙发
最新推荐
更多
人工智能在肺动脉高压辅助诊断中的应用进展
陈纪元 等 中华医学杂志 2023,103(02)
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和肥胖低通气综合征的识别
罗金梅 等 中华结核和呼吸杂志 2023,46(08)
中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)
中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组 等 中华医学杂志 2021,101(01)
成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停多学科诊疗指南
中国医师协会睡眠医学专业委员会 中华医学杂志 2018,98(24)
分享
详细信息
表
访问与引文
阅读权限
参考文献
访问与引用
访问数据
0
0
全部时间 最近30天 最近6个月 最近12个月
MedAI助手(体验版)
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照
文献快照
N/A
N/A
AI总结中

N/A
N/A
快照内容由人工智能生成,供您参考。

你好,我可以帮助您更好的了解本文,请向我提问您关注的问题。
0/50
很抱歉,当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
0/2000
信息反馈
中文(简体)
英文
翻译
机器翻译功能由科大讯飞提供技术支持
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。

你好! 今天我能为您提供什么帮助?
0/30
of
很抱歉,当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
扩写 缩写 改写 翻译
0/2000
信息反馈
历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号
小中大
翻译
润色
扩写
缩写
复制
引用