首页 中华肿瘤杂志 2022年44卷02期 肺磨玻璃结节筛查及随诊研究进展
中华肿瘤杂志
期刊首页
过刊列表
高级检索
稿件发表
• 专题综论 •
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
肺磨玻璃结节筛查及随诊研究进展
王帅博 
毛友生 
作者及单位信息
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20200506-00418
Progress in screening and follow-up studies of pulmonary ground glass nodules
Wang Shuaibo
Mao Yousheng
Authors Info & Affiliations
Wang Shuaibo
Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
Mao Yousheng
Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20200506-00418
2950
459
0
2
29
10
扫描转手机阅读
下载中华医学期刊APP阅读更流畅 体验更丰富
PDF下载
APP内阅读
摘要
随着高分辨胸部CT的广泛应用，检出的肺磨玻璃结节(GGN)日益增多。GGN病因复杂，影像学表现形式多样，发展变化快慢不一，因此诊疗过程中常难以抉择，过度诊疗或忽视随诊观察常有发生。根据生物学的变化和临床观察诊治过程，可将GGN的发生发展大致分为生物学发病期(发现前期)、随诊观察期、临床治疗期和术后随访期。总结关于肺部GGN随诊中自然发展、影像学监测鉴别、最佳外科诊疗时机和多学科诊疗管理模式的相关研究进展，有助于临床医师掌握其在随诊观察过程中的发展变化规律，把握合适的手术干预时机，改善恶性GGN患者的预后和生活质量。
磨玻璃结节;肺肿瘤;筛查;外科治疗;多学科团队
ABSTRACT
With the wide application of high-resolution chest CT in health check-up, the ground glass nodule(GGN) has been increasingly detected. GGNs have a complex etiology and image features, which can develop fast or very slowly. Therefore, whether to follow up or to resect it is usually very difficult to be determined. Overdiagnosis or overtreatment frequently happens. According to the development of GGNs, the process can be clinically divided into four stages: biological onset stage (pre-detection stage), observational stage, clinical treatment stage and postoperative follow-up stage. This review summarizes the progress on the natural development process, imaging monitoring and differentiation, the optimal time of surgical treatment for GGNs based on the decision of multidisciplinary team. This revie wmay be helpful for clinicians to understand the rule of GGN development in the follow-up, and find an optimal time to give surgical intervention for improving the prognosis of and life quality of the GGN patients.
Ground glass nodule;Lung neoplasms;Screeing;Surgical treatment;Multidisciplinary team
Mao Yousheng, Email:
mocdef.qabqxrehsyoam
Copyright by Chinese Medical Association
No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission.
All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.
引用本文
王帅博,毛友生. 肺磨玻璃结节筛查及随诊研究进展[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志,2022,44(02)：123-129.
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20200506-00418PERMISSIONS
Request permissions for this article from CCC.
评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
0分
[累计0个]
向我们报错
版权归中华医学会所有。
未经授权，不得转载、摘编本刊文章，不得使用本刊的版式设计。
除非特别声明，本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。
磨玻璃结节(ground glass nodule, GGN)是指直径<3 cm被肺实质包绕的局灶性圆形或不规则密度增高影，其密度可不均匀
[
1
]。GGN可由炎症、活动期结核、肺内出血或早期肺癌等原因造成，多数属于良性或可疑恶性，需要随诊观察。近年随着高分辨率CT的广泛应用，越来越多的肺部GGN被检出。通过对GGN的随诊观察，我们能够动态观察其影像学特征和生物学行为的自然发展变化，进而准确指导临床实践。
目前，GGN在影像学上有多种分类方法，常用的两种方法是根据影像学密度进行分类。一种方法是按照肺窗上实性成分的大小将GGN分为纯磨玻璃结节(pure ground glass nodule, pGGN)、部分实性结节(part-solid nodule, PSN)和实性结节(solid nodule, SN)。另一种方法是将GGN分为pGGN(仅在胸部CT肺窗上有磨玻璃成分)、异质性GGN(仅在胸部CT肺窗上有密度较高的实性成分)和部分实性GGN(在胸部CT肺窗、纵隔窗上均可见实性成分)
[
2
]。我们现就GGN的筛查发现、影像学表现、随访过程中的发展变化规律及处理时机等方面的研究进展进行总结。
试读结束，您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
已是订阅账户?
登录
参考文献
[1]
Hansell DM , Bankier AA , MacMahon H ,et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging[J]. Radiology, 2008,246(3):697-722. DOI：
10.1148/radiol.2462070712
.
[2]
Kakinuma R , Noguchi M , Ashizawa K ,et al. Natural history of pulmonary subsolid nodules: a prospective multicenter study[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2016,11(7):1012-1028. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2016.04.006
.
[3]
Becker N , Motsch E , Trotter A ,et al. Lung cancer mortality reduction by LDCT screening-Results from the randomized German LUSI trial[J]. Int J Cancer, 2020,146(6):1503-1513. DOI：
10.1002/ijc.32486
.
[4]
Infante M , Lutman FR , Cavuto S ,et al. Lung cancer screening with spiral CT: baseline results of the randomized DANTE trial[J]. Lung Cancer, 2008,59(3):355-363. DOI：
10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.08.040
.
[5]
Marcus MW , Duffy SW , Devaraj A ,et al. Probability of cancer in lung nodules using sequential volumetric screening up to 12 months: the UKLS trial[J]. Thorax, 2019,74(8):761-767. DOI：
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212263
.
[6]
Pinsky P , Gierada DS . Long-term cancer risk associated with lung nodules observed on low-dose screening CT scans[J]. Lung Cancer, 2020,139:179-184. DOI：
10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.11.017
.
[7]
Saghir Z , Dirksen A , Ashraf H ,et al. CT screening for lung cancer brings forward early disease. The randomised Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial: status after five annual screening rounds with low-dose CT[J]. Thorax, 2012,67(4):296-301. DOI：
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200736
.
[8]
Silva M , Mario S , Sverzellati N ,et al. Long-term surveillance of ground-glass nodules: evidence from the MILD trial[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2012,7(10):1541-1546. DOI：
10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182641bba
.
[9]
Walter JE , Heuvelmans MA , Ten HK ,et al. Persisting new nodules in incidence rounds of the NELSON CT lung cancer screening study[J]. Thorax, 2019,74(3):247-253. DOI：
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212152
.
[10]
Kang HR , Cho JY , Lee SH ,et al. Role of low-dose computerized tomography in lung cancer screening among never-smokers[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019,14(3):436-444. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2018.11.002
.
[11]
唐威，吴宁，黄遥，等. 4 690例无症状健康体检者低剂量CT早期肺癌筛查研究[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志， 2014,36(7):549-554. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2014.07.016
.
Tang W , Wu N , Huang Y ,et al. Results of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for early lung cancer: prevalence in 4 690 asymptomatic participants[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2014,36(7):549-554. DOI：
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2014.07.016
.
[12]
Zhang Y , Jheon S , Li H ,et al. Results of low-dose computed tomography as a regular health examination among Chinese hospital employees[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020,160(3):824-831. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.10.145
.
[13]
Yang W , Qian F , Teng J ,et al. Community-based lung cancer screening with low-dose CT in China: Results of the baseline screening[J]. Lung Cancer, 2018,117:20-26. DOI：
10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.003
.
[14]
Seijo LM , Peled N , Ajona D ,et al. Biomarkers in lung cancer screening: achievements, promises, and challenges[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019,14(3):343-357. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2018.11.023
.
[15]
Hiramatsu M , Inagaki T , Inagaki T ,et al. Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2008,3(11):1245-1250. DOI：
10.1097/JTO.0b013e318189f526
.
[16]
Kobayashi Y , Fukui T , Ito S ,et al. How long should small lung lesions of ground-glass opacity be followed？[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2013,8(3):309-314. DOI：
10.1097/JTO.0b013e31827e2435
.
[17]
Lee SW , Leem CS , Kim TJ ,et al. The long-term course of ground-glass opacities detected on thin-section computed tomography[J]. Respir Med, 2013,107(6):904-910. DOI：
10.1016/j.rmed.2013.02.014
.
[18]
Sawada S , Yamashita N , Sugimoto R ,et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with ground-glass opacities detected using CT scanning[J]. Chest, 2017,151(2):308-315. DOI：
10.1016/j.chest.2016.07.007
.
[19]
Song YS , Park CM , Park SJ ,et al. Volume and mass doubling times of persistent pulmonary subsolid nodules detected in patients without known malignancy[J]. Radiology, 2014,273(1):276-284. DOI：
10.1148/radiol.14132324
.
[20]
Takahashi S , Tanaka N , Okimoto T ,et al. Long term follow-up for small pure ground-glass nodules: implications of determining an optimum follow-up period and high-resolution CT findings to predict the growth of nodules[J]. Jpn J Radiol, 2012,30(3):206-217. DOI：
10.1007/s11604-011-0033-8
.
[21]
Munden RF , Chiles C , Boiselle PM ,et al. Micronodules detected on computed tomography during the national lung screening trial: prevalence and relation to positive studies and lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019,14(9):1538-1546. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.045
.
[22]
Scholten ET , de Jong PA , de Hoop B ,et al. Towards a close computed tomography monitoring approach for screen detected subsolid pulmonary nodules？[J]. Eur Respir J, 2015,45(3):765-773. DOI：
10.1183/09031936.00005914
.
[23]
Chang B , Hwang JH , Choi YH ,et al. Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan[J]. Chest, 2013,143(1):172-178. DOI：
10.1378/chest.11-2501
.
[24]
Matsuguma H , Mori K , Nakahara R ,et al. Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow-up with CT scanning[J]. Chest, 2013,143(2):436-443. DOI：
10.1378/chest.11-3306
.
[25]
Cho J , Kim ES , Kim SJ ,et al. Long-term follow-up of small pulmonary ground-glass nodules stable for 3 years: implications of the proper follow-up period and risk factors for subsequent growth[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2016,11(9):1453-1459. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2016.05.026
.
[26]
Lee JH , Park CM , Lee SM ,et al. Persistent pulmonary subsolid nodules with solid portions of 5 mm or smaller: Their natural course and predictors of interval growth[J]. Eur Radiol, 2016,26(6):1529-1537. DOI：
10.1007/s00330-015-4017-4
.
[27]
Sato Y , Fujimoto D , Morimoto T ,et al. Natural history and clinical characteristics of multiple pulmonary nodules with ground glass opacity[J]. Respirology, 2017,22(8):1615-1621. DOI：
10.1111/resp.13089
.
[28]
Lee HW , Jin KN , Lee JK ,et al. Long-term follow-up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019,14(8):1370-1377. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.005
.
[29]
Lee JH , Lim WH , Hong JH ,et al. Growth and clinical impact of 6-mm or larger subsolid nodules after 5 years of stability at chest CT[J]. Radiology, 2020,295(2):448-455. DOI：
10.1148/radiol.2020191921
.
[30]
Eguchi T , Kondo R , Kawakami S ,et al. Computed tomography attenuation predicts the growth of pure ground-glass nodules[J]. Lung Cancer, 2014,84(3):242-247. DOI：
10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.03.009
.
[31]
Kakinuma R , Muramatsu Y , Kusumoto M ,et al. Solitary pure ground-glass nodules 5 mm or smaller: frequency of growth[J]. Radiology, 2015,276(3):873-882. DOI：
10.1148/radiol.2015141071
.
[32]
Mayne N R , Elser H , Lin B K ,et al. The Impact of Extended Delayed Surgery for Indolent Lung Cancer or Part-solid Ground Glass Nodules[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2021:
10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.05.099
. DOI：.
[33]
Chen K , Chen W , Cai J ,et al. Favorable prognosis and high discrepancy of genetic features in surgical patients with multiple primary lung cancers[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018,155(1):371-379.e1. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.08.141
.
[34]
Detterbeck FC , Marom EM , Arenberg DA ,et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: background data and proposals for the application of TNM staging rules to lung cancer presenting as multiple nodules with ground glass or lepidic features or a pneumonic type of involvement in the forthcoming eighth edition of the TNM classification[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2016,11(5):666-680. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2015.12.113
.
[35]
Detterbeck FC , Nicholson AG , Franklin WA ,et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: summary of proposals for revisions of the classification of lung cancers with multiple pulmonary sites of involvement in the forthcoming eighth edition of the TNM classification[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2016,11(5):639-650. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2016.01.024
.
[36]
Wu C , Zhao C , Yang Y ,et al. High discrepancy of driver mutations in patients with NSCLC and synchronous multiple lung ground-glass nodules[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2015,10(5):778-783. DOI：
10.1097/JTO.0000000000000487
.
[37]
Ye T , Deng L , Wang S ,et al. Lung Adenocarcinomas manifesting as radiological part-solid nodules define a special clinical subtype[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2019,14(4):617-627. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2018.12.030
.
[38]
Hattori A , Suzuki K , Takamochi K ,et al. Prognostic impact of a ground-glass opacity component in clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021,161(4):1469-1480. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.01.107
.
[39]
Murakawa T , Konoeda C , Ito T ,et al. The ground glass opacity component can be eliminated from the T-factor assessment of lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013,43(5):925-932. DOI：
10.1093/ejcts/ezs467
.
[40]
Travis WD , Brambilla E , Noguchi M ,et al. International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2011,6(2):244-285. DOI：
10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221
.
[41]
MacMahon H , Li F , Jiang Y ,et al. Accuracy of the vancouver lung cancer risk prediction model compared with that of radiologists[J]. Chest, 2019,156(1):112-119. DOI：
10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.002
.
[42]
Reid M , Choi HK , Han X ,et al. Development of a risk prediction model to estimate the probability of malignancy in pulmonary nodules being considered for biopsy[J]. Chest, 2019,156(2):367-375. DOI：
10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.038
.
[43]
Winter A , Aberle DR , Hsu W . External validation and recalibration of the Brock model to predict probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules using NLST data[J]. Thorax, 2019,74(6):551-563. DOI：
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212413
.
[44]
Cui X , Heuvelmans MA , Fan S ,et al. A Subsolid Nodules Imaging Reporting System (SSN-IRS) for classifying 3 subtypes of pulmonary adenocarcinoma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer, 2020,21(4):314-325.e4. DOI：
10.1016/j.cllc.2020.01.014
.
[45]
Zhu Y , Hou D , Lan M ,et al. A comparison of ultra-high-resolution CT target scan versus conventional CT target reconstruction in the evaluation of ground-glass-nodule-like lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2019,9(6):1087-1094. DOI：
10.21037/qims.2019.06.09
.
[46]
Urbania TH , Dusendang JR , Herrinton LJ ,et al. Standardized reporting and management of suspicious findings on chest ct imaging is associated with improved lung cancer diagnosis in an observational study[J]. Chest, 2020,158(5):2211-2220. DOI：
10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.595
.
[47]
Nair A , Bartlett EC , Walsh SL ,et al. Variable radiological lung nodule evaluation leads to divergent management recommendations[J]. Eur Respir J, 2018,52(6):1801359. DOI：
10.1183/13993003.01359-2018
.
[48]
Goldberg-Stein S , Chernyak V . Adding value in radiology reporting[J]. J Am Coll Radiol, 2019,16(9Pt B):1292-1298. DOI：
10.1016/j.jacr.2019.05.042
.
[49]
Kuhl CK , Truhn D . The long route to standardized radiomics: unraveling the knot from the end[J]. Radiology, 2020,295(2):339-341. DOI：
10.1148/radiol.2020200059
.
[50]
Pinto DSD , Hempel JM , Mildenberger P ,et al. Structured reporting in clinical routine[J]. Rofo, 2019,191(1):33-39. DOI：
10.1055/a-0636-3851
.
[51]
Zhao W , Yang J , Sun Y ,et al. 3D Deep learning from CT scans predicts tumor invasiveness of subcentimeter pulmonary adenocarcinomas[J]. Cancer Res, 2018,78(24):6881-6889. DOI：
10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0696
.
[52]
Asamura H , Hishida T , Suzuki K ,et al. Radiographically determined noninvasive adenocarcinoma of the lung: survival outcomes of Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0201[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013,146(1):24-30. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.047
.
[53]
Bueno J , Landeras L , Chung J H . Updated Fleischner Society Guidelines for Managing Incidental Pulmonary Nodules: Common Questions and Challenging Scenarios[J]. Radiographics, 2018,38(5):1337-1350. DOI：
10.1148/rg.2018180017
.
[54]
Wiener R S , Gould M K , Arenberg D A ,et al. An official American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians policy statement: implementation of low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening programs in clinical practice[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015,192(7):881-891. DOI：
10.1164/rccm.201508-1671ST
.
[55]
Ettinger DS , Wood DE , Aisner DL ,et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 2.2021[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2021,19(3):254-266. DOI：
10.6004/jnccn.2021.0013
.
[56]
Zhang Y , Ma X , Shen X ,et al. Surgery for pre- and minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020,
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.151
(2020-12-08). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022522320332992?via%3Dihub. DOI：published online ahead of print. [ ]．
[57]
Lee JH , Park CM , Kim H ,et al. Persistent part-solid nodules with solid part of 5 mm or smaller: Can the 'follow-up and surgical resection after interval growth’ policy have a negative effect on patient prognosis？[J]. Eur Radiol, 2017,27(1):195-202. DOI：
10.1007/s00330-016-4364-9
.
[58]
Kuroda H , Sugita Y , Ohya Y ,et al. Importance of avoiding surgery delays after initial discovery of suspected non-small-cell lung cancer in clinical stage ⅠA patients[J]. Cancer Manag Res, 2019,11:107-115. DOI：
10.2147/CMAR.S180757
.
[59]
Samson P , Patel A , Garrett T ,et al. Effects of delayed surgical resection on short-term and long-term outcomes in clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015,99(6):1906-1912. DOI：
10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.02.022
.
[60]
Kobayashi Y , Mitsudomi T , Sakao Y ,et al. Genetic features of pulmonary adenocarcinoma presenting with ground-glass nodules: the differences between nodules with and without growth[J]. Ann Oncol, 2015,26(1):156-161. DOI：
10.1093/annonc/mdu505
.
[61]
Deng C , Zheng Q , Zhang Y ,et al. Validation of the novel international association for the study of lung cancer grading system for invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma and association with common driver mutations[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2021,16(10):1684-1693. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtho.2021.07.006
.
[62]
Hattori A , Takamochi K , Oh S ,et al. New revisions and current issues in the eighth edition of the TNM classification for non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2019,49(1):3-11. DOI：
10.1093/jjco/hyy142
.
[63]
Yun JK , Bok JS , Lee GD ,et al. Long-term outcomes of upfront surgery in patients with resectable pathological N2 non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2020,58(1):59-69. DOI：
10.1093/ejcts/ezaa042
.
[64]
Shimada Y , Maehara S , Kudo Y ,et al. Profiles of lung adenocarcinoma with multiple ground-glass opacities and the fate of residual lesions[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020,109(6):1722-1730. DOI：
10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.12.062
.
[65]
Madariaga ML , Lennes IT , Best T ,et al. Multidisciplinary selection of pulmonary nodules for surgical resection: Diagnostic results and long-term outcomes[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020,159(4):1558-1566.e3. DOI：
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.09.030
.
[66]
Verdial FC , Madtes DK , Cheng GS ,et al. Multidisciplinary team-based management of incidentally detected lung nodules[J]. Chest, 2020,157(4):985-993. DOI：
10.1016/j.chest.2019.11.032
.
备注信息
评论 （0条）
注册 登录
时间排序
- 时间排序
暂无评论，发表第一条评论抢沙发
最新推荐
更多
心力衰竭早期筛查与一级预防中国专家共识（2024年）
中国老年医学学会心电与心功能分会 等 中华全科医师杂志 2024,23(01)
中国食管癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2022，北京)
赫捷 等 中华肿瘤杂志 2022,44(06)
中国胃癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2022，北京)
赫捷 等 中华肿瘤杂志 2022,44(07)
慢性肾脏病早期筛查、诊断及防治指南（2022年版）
上海市肾内科临床质量控制中心专家组 中华肾脏病杂志 2022,38(05)
分享
详细信息
表
访问与引文
阅读权限
参考文献
访问与引用
访问数据
0
0
全部时间 最近30天 最近6个月 最近12个月
MedAI助手（体验版）
文档即答
智问智答
机器翻译
回答内容由人工智能生成，我社无法保证其准确性和完整性，该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点，仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照
文献快照
N/A
N/A
AI总结中
N/A
N/A
快照内容由人工智能生成，供您参考。
你好，我可以帮助您更好的了解本文，请向我提问您关注的问题。
0/50
很抱歉，当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
0/2000
信息反馈
中文(简体)
英文
翻译
机器翻译功能由科大讯飞提供技术支持
回答内容由人工智能生成，我社无法保证其准确性和完整性，该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点，仅供参考。
你好！ 今天我能为您提供什么帮助？
0/30
of
很抱歉，当前对话已达到其限制。
使用"新建对话"按钮开启更多对话。
停止回答
扩写 缩写 改写 翻译
0/2000
信息反馈
历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号
小中大
翻译
润色
扩写
缩写
复制
引用
