Virtual reality (VR) is a computer simulation system that can create and let users experience three-dimensional virtual scenes, and can provide users with multi-sensory information.In recent years, with the rapid development of 5G, artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, the application of VR technology in the field of ophthalmology has ushered in new opportunities and challenges.In terms of visual function assessment such as visual acuity, accommodative function, stereoscopic vision, VR combined with infrared eye tracking, binocular dichoptic vision and human-computer interaction can fully control the content presented to user, and provide the possibility to achieve personalized and automated diagnosis, which can effectively reduce labor costs.In the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus and amblyopia, VR combined with the above technologies and environmental immersion, three-dimensional imaging can provide users with rich images, reducing the difficulty of eye position measurement in strabismus and inhibition quantification in amblyopia.VR improves the fun and compliance of strabismus training, amblyopia training and stereoscopic training by imitating training paradigms such as convergence insufficiency training and visual perception training.The combination of augmented reality technology and computer-generated visual enhancement, holographic imaging, three-dimensional audio prompts and adaptive optics can effectively compensate for the visual defects of people with low vision and improve their quality of life.In the field of myopia prevention and control, the pros and cons of VR are still controversial, but it still has potential application value.In this article, the application status of virtual (augmented) reality technology in the assessment and reconstruction of visual function were reviewed, and the challenges it may face were analyzed, with a view to promoting the combination of medicine and engineering in ophthalmology diagnosis and treatment.