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ENGLISH ABSTRACT
视皮层神经元结构可塑性研究进展
王珏
张伟
史学锋 [综述]
作者及单位信息
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20200415-00263
Research progress on the structural plasticity of neurons in the visual cortex
Wang Jue
Zhang Wei
Shi Xuefeng
Authors Info & Affiliations
Wang Jue
Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
Zhang Wei
Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
Shi Xuefeng
Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
·
DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20200415-00263
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摘要

视皮层发育过程中神经元结构会随着外界环境的变化做出适应性改变和调整，具有结构可塑性。视皮层神经元结构变化是视皮层经验依赖的可塑性变化的基础。这些结构改变主要包括突触之间的连接发生变化、树突棘的消失或增加、树突棘的更替及大小的变化、突触后致密物以及神经元周围网络结构发生变化等。结构的变化与神经元内外分子及非神经元成分的活动密切相关，如配对免疫球蛋白样受体B、Ly-6/神经毒素样蛋白1、勿动蛋白、小胶质细胞、细胞外基质等，对视皮层功能和结构的可塑性具有重要影响。此外，异常视觉经验以及丰富环境等外界干预因素对视皮层神经元结构可塑性均可产生调控作用，最终影响视功能的发育或其损伤后恢复。相比于功能学研究，视皮层神经元结构可塑性的研究依赖于细胞及亚细胞水平的高级成像技术，结果更为直观和有说服力。对视皮层结构可塑性的不断探索会增进我们对弱视等视觉发育相关性疾病的理解，为开展相关基础研究和创新治疗手段奠定基础。本文就近年来视皮层结构可塑性方面的研究进展进行综述。

视皮层;神经元可塑性;突触;树突棘;关键期
ABSTRACT

During the development of visual cortex, the structure of neurons will adaptively change and adjust according to the changes of external environment, which shows structural plasticity.The experience-dependent plasticity of visual cortex is based on the structural changes of neurons, which mainly include change of synaptic connections, disappearance or increase of dendritic spines, turnover of dendritic spines, changes in the size of dendritic spines, changes in postsynaptic density and alterations of perineuronal nets.The structural changes of neurons have significant influence on the plasticity of visual cortex function and structure, and are highly associated with some molecules or non-neuronal components such as paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B, Ly-6/neurotoxin-like protein 1, Nogo, microglia and extracellular matrix and so on.In addition, external intervention factors such as abnormal visual experience and environmental enrichment can have significant impact on the regulation of the structural changes of neurons, and finally influence the development of visual function and the recovery from visual impairment.In comparison with the functional studies, studies on the structural plasticity of visual cortical neurons depend on the state-of-the-art imaging techniques at cellular or sub-cellular level with more visualizable and convincing results.The constant exploration of the structural plasticity of visual cortex will enhance our understanding of visual development-related diseases, such as amblyopia, and lay the foundation for related basic research and innovative treatments.Advances in the structural plasticity of visual cortex were reviewed in this article.

Visual cortex;Neuronal plasticity;Synapse;Dendritic spine;Critical period
Shi Xuefeng, Email: mocdef.3ab61umt_fxihs
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引用本文

王珏,张伟,史学锋. 视皮层神经元结构可塑性研究进展[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志,2022,40(06)：582-587.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20200415-00263

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视皮层的发育受到遗传和环境等多因素的调控。以小鼠为例，其发育大概经历3个阶段：(1)前关键期　从出生到出生后约第19天，视皮层初始神经回路形成 [ 1 ]，一般认为其发育受视觉经验的影响较小，主要由遗传因素决定；(2)关键期　出生后第20~35天，视皮层可塑性最强，其发育最易受到视觉经验的调控而发生可塑性改变；(3)关键期结束　视皮层神经回路结构基本固化，发育基本完成，其后若无特殊干预措施，视觉经验不再对视皮层结构和功能产生调控作用 [ 2 , 3 ]。通常认为，人的视觉发育关键期是从出生到8岁左右 [ 4 ]。在视觉系统发育过程中，视觉经验依赖的功能改变同时伴随突触结构的不断重塑 [ 5 ]。既往研究表明，小鼠在未睁眼前视皮层树突棘的数量仅少量增加，睁眼后树突棘数量快速增加，并且树突棘在没有接受输入时或接受未成熟的输入时运动性非常大 [ 6 , 7 ]，而外界视觉信息的输入促进了树突棘的形成和发育。前关键期及关键期达到高峰前，视皮层神经元树突上会大量存在比树突棘更具活力的丝状伪足，其出现代表着神经系统尚未发育成熟 [ 8 ]。之后，随着关键期的进行，视皮层不断朝着成熟的结构发育，突触密度逐渐保持在相对稳定状态，树突棘的运动性也随着视皮层发育逐渐下降 [ 8 , 9 ]。关键期结束时，视皮层结构和功能基本发育成熟，成年视皮层中很少能观察到丝状伪足的存在，并且会有更多的树突棘保持在稳定状态，不再随外界环境的变化发生改变 [ 8 ]，这一方面使得成年后视皮层神经回路结构变得更加稳固，另一方面也影响了成年视皮层的可塑性，使得弱视等视觉发育相关性疾病的治疗变得非常困难。但是大量基础研究发现，通过一些干预措施，如暗饲养、丰富环境以及通过调控视皮层可塑性相关分子等方法仍然可以使处于稳定状态的视皮层结构发生改变。视皮层神经元结构的变化引起神经网络之间信息的传递改变，进而使视觉系统功能发生改变。本文就近年来视皮层结构可塑性相关研究进展进行综述。
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备注信息
A
史学锋，Email： mocdef.3ab61umt_fxihs
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所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
C
国家自然科学基金面上项目 (81770956、81371049)
天津市杰出青年科学基金项目 (17JCJQJC46000)
天津市131创新型人才团队项目 (201936)
天津市卫生计生行业高层次人才选拔培养工程"津门医学英才"项目
华厦转化医学基金项目 (2017-C-002)
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