指南与共识
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
中国成人桡骨远端骨折诊疗指南(2023)
中华医学会骨科学分会创伤骨科学组
中华医学会骨科学分会外固定与肢体重建学组
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115530-20221204-00621
Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adult distal radius fracture (2023)
Traumatic Orthopedics Group, Society of Orthopedics, Chinese Medical Association;
Group of External Fixation and Limb Reconstruction, Society of Orthopedics, Chinese Medical Association
Yu Bin
Tang Peifu
Wang Qiugen
Zhang Yingze
Authors Info & Affiliations
Traumatic Orthopedics Group, Society of Orthopedics, Chinese Medical Association;
Group of External Fixation and Limb Reconstruction, Society of Orthopedics, Chinese Medical Association
Yu Bin
Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
Tang Peifu
Department of Orthopedic Medicine, The Fourth Medical Center, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Wang Qiugen
Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (originally named Shanghai First People's Hos-pital), Shanghai 200080, China
Zhang Yingze
Center of Trauma Emergency, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115530-20221204-00621
6997
1777
1
5
94
38
PDF下载
APP内阅读
摘要

爱尔兰学者Abraham Colles于1814年首次报道了一种伸直型桡骨远端骨折,并详细描述了腕部损伤所形成的"餐叉手"畸形,该骨折后被命名为Colles骨折,沿用至今[1]。此后,以人名命名的桡骨远端骨折如Simth骨折[2]、Barton骨折等相继出现,针对桡骨远端骨折的研究也随时间不断发展深化[2,3,4]。但关于桡骨远端骨折的诊断、治疗及康复方案等许多基本问题仍未完全解答。为了规范桡骨远端骨折的诊断流程,指导临床医师确定适合的治疗方案,我们参考国际成人桡骨远端骨折的系统回顾研究、临床信息和公认的诊治方法,编写制订了本临床诊疗指南,以期切实提升成人桡骨远端骨折的诊疗水平。

引用本文

中华医学会骨科学分会创伤骨科学组,中华医学会骨科学分会外固定与肢体重建学组. 中国成人桡骨远端骨折诊疗指南(2023)[J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志,2023,25(01):6-13.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115530-20221204-00621

PERMISSIONS

Request permissions for this article from CCC.

评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
3.67 [累计3个]
爱尔兰学者Abraham Colles于1814年首次报道了一种伸直型桡骨远端骨折,并详细描述了腕部损伤所形成的"餐叉手"畸形,该骨折后被命名为Colles骨折,沿用至今[ 1 ]。此后,以人名命名的桡骨远端骨折如Simth骨折[ 2 ]、Barton骨折等相继出现,针对桡骨远端骨折的研究也随时间不断发展深化[ 2 , 3 , 4 ]。但关于桡骨远端骨折的诊断、治疗及康复方案等许多基本问题仍未完全解答。为了规范桡骨远端骨折的诊断流程,指导临床医师确定适合的治疗方案,我们参考国际成人桡骨远端骨折的系统回顾研究、临床信息和公认的诊治方法,编写制订了本临床诊疗指南,以期切实提升成人桡骨远端骨折的诊疗水平。
试读结束,您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
参考文献
[1]
Colles A . On the fracture of the carpal extremity of the radius[J]. Edinb Med Surg J, 1814,10(38):182-186.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[2]
Diaz-Garcia RJ , Chung KC . Common myths and evidence in the management of distal radius fractures[J]. Hand Clin, 2012,28(2):127-133. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.02.005 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[3]
Mauck BM , Swigler CW . Evidence-based review of distal radius fractures[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2018,49(2):211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2017.12.001 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[4]
陆晴友郝迎新. 桡骨远端骨折治疗进展[J]. 国际骨科学杂志, 2017,38(3):154-157. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7083.2017.03.003 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Lu QY , Hao YX . Progress in treatment of distal radius fractures[J]. Int J Orthop, 2017,38(3):154-157. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7083.2017.03.003 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[5]
Vosbikian MM , Ketonis C , Huang R ,et al. Optimal positioning for volar plate fixation of a distal radius fracture: determining the distal dorsal cortical distance[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2016,47(1):235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2015.08.020 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[6]
MacIntyre NJ , Dewan N . Epidemiology of distal radius fractures and factors predicting risk and prognosis[J]. J Hand Ther, 2016,29(2):136-145. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2016.03.003 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[7]
Stirling ERB , Johnson NA , Dias JJ . Epidemiology of distal radius fractures in a geographically defined adult population[J]. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2018,43(9):974-982. doi: 10.1177/1753193418786378 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[8]
Johnson NA , Dias J . The current evidence-based management of distal radial fractures: UK perspectives[J]. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2019,44(5):450-455. doi: 10.1177/1753193419843201 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[9]
Diaz-Garcia RJ , Oda T , Shauver MJ ,et al. A systematic review of outcomes and complications of treating unstable distal radius fractures in the elderly[J]. J Hand Surg Am, 2011,36(5):824-835. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.005 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[10]
Meena S , Sharma P , Sambharia AK ,et al. Fractures of distal radius: an overview[J]. J Family Med Prim Care, 2014,3(4):325-332. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.148101 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[11]
Court-Brown CM , Caesar B . Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review[J]. Injury, 2006,37(8):691-697. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[12]
Johnson NA , Dias JJ , Wildin CJ ,et al. Comparison of distal radius fracture intra-articular step reduction with volar locking plates and K wires: a retrospective review of quality and maintenance of fracture reduction[J]. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2017,42(2):144-150. doi: 10.1177/1753193416669502 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[13]
Johnson NA , Stirling E , Dias JJ . The effect of mean annual temperature on the incidence of distal radial fractures[J]. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2018,43(9):983-987. doi: 10.1177/1753193418797893 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[14]
Raudasoja L , Aspinen S , Vastamaki H ,et al. Epidemiology and treatment of distal radius fractures in Finland: a nationwide register study[J]. J Clin Med, 2022,11(10):2851. doi: 10.3390/jcm11102851 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[15]
郑上团吴斗郝海虎,. 桡骨远端骨折的治疗进展[J]. 中华骨科杂志, 2016,36(5):314-320. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2016.05.009 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Zheng ST , Wu D , Hao HH ,et al. Progress in treatment for distal radius fractures[J]. Chin J Orthop, 2016,36(5):314-320. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2016.05.009 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[16]
穆怀中韩之彬. 老年人口快速增长期中国的经济增长预期及其实现路径[J]. 人口与经济, 2021(6):1-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2021.00.045 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Mu HZ , Han ZB . China's economic growth expectation and its realization path in the rapid growth period of the elderly population[J]. Population & Economics, 2021(6):1-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2021.00.045 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[17]
Mauck BM , Swigler CW . Evidence-based review of distal radius fractures[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2018,49(2):211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2017.12.001 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[18]
Nana AD , Joshi A , Lichtman DM . Plating of the distal radius[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2005,13(3):159-171. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200505000-00003 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[19]
Melone CP Jr. Open treatment for displaced articular fractures of the distal radius[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1986(202):103-111. doi: 10.1097/00003086-198601000-00012 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[20]
Melone CP Jr. Articular fractures of the distal radius[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 1984,15(2):217-236. doi: 10.1016/S0030-5898(20)31312-2 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[21]
Adams BD , Lawler E . Chronic instability of the distal radioulnar joint[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2007,15(9):571-575. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200709000-00007 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[22]
RiKli DA , Regazzoni P . Fractures of the distal end of the radius treated by internal fixation and early function: a preliminary report of 20 cases[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1996,78(4):588-592. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.78B4.0780588 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[23]
鲁秋东张翠菊. 桡骨远端复杂骨折手术治疗进展[J]. 中国中西医结合外科杂志, 2019,25(4):651-655. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2019.04.056 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Lu QD , Zhang CJ . Progress in surgical treatment of complex distal radius fractures[J]. Chinese Journal of Surgery of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2019,25(4):651-655. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2019.04.056 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[24]
Zhou JH , Tang W , Li D ,et al. Morphological characteristics of different types of distal radius die-punch fractures based on three-column theory[J]. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019,14(1):390. doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1453-x .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[25]
Mathews AL , Chung KC . Management of complications of distal radius fractures[J]. Hand Clin, 2015,31(2):205-215. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2014.12.002 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[26]
Hippisley-Cox J , Coupland C . Derivation and validation of updated QFracture algorithm to predict risk of osteoporotic fracture in primary care in the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study[J]. BMJ, 2012,344:e3427. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3427 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[27]
Muir SW , Gopaul K , Montero Odasso MM . The role of cognitive impairment in fall risk among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Age Ageing, 2012,41(3):299-308. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs012 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[28]
Shehovych A , Salar O , Meyer CER ,et al. Adult distal radius fractures classification systems: essential clinical knowledge or abstract memory testing? [J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2016,98(8):525-531. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0237 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[29]
Kleinlugtenbelt YV , Groen SR , Ham SJ ,et al. Classification systems for distal radius fractures: does the reliability improve using additional computed tomography?[J]. Acta Orthop, 2017,88(6):681-687. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2017.1338066 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[30]
张英泽. 临床创伤骨科流行病学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2014.
Zhang YZ . Clinical epidemiology of orthopedic trauma[M]. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House, 2014.
[31]
Meinberg EG , Agel J , Roberts CS ,et al. Fracture and dislocation classification compendium——2018[J]. J Orthop Trauma, 2018,32:S1-S10. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001063 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[32]
Sander AL , Leiblein M , Sommer K ,et al. Epidemiology and treatment of distal radius fractures: current concept based on fracture severity and not on age[J]. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2020,46(3):585-590. doi: 10.1007/s00068-018-1023-7 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[33]
Andreotti M , Tonon F , Caruso G ,et al. The "Chauffeur fracture" : historical origins of an often-forgotten eponym[J]. Hand, 2020,15(2):252-254. doi: 10.1177/1558944718792650 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[34]
Buxton SJ . Colles and Carr: some history of the wrist fracture[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 1966,38(4):253-257.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[35]
Esakki S , MacDermid J , Vajravelu S . Linking of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons distal radius fracture clinical practice guidelines to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health; International Classification of Diseases; and ICF core sets for hand conditions[J]. Hand, 2016,11(3):314-321. doi: 10.1177/1558944715627305 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[36]
Padegimas EM , Ilyas AM . Distal radius fractures[J]. Orthop Clin N Am, 2015,46(2):259-270. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2014.11.010 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[37]
中华医学会骨科学分会创伤骨科学组中华医学会骨科学分会外固定与肢体重建学组中国医师协会创伤外科医师分会创伤感染专业委员会,. 中国开放性骨折诊断与治疗指南(2019版)[J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2019,21(11):921-928. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7600.2019.11.001 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Traumatic Orthopedics Group,Society of Orthopedics,Chinese Medical Association;Group of External Fixation and Limb Reconstruction,Society of Orthopedics,Chinese Medical Association;Professional Committee of Traumatic Infection,Society of Traumatic Surgeons,Association of Chinese Doctors,et al. Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of open fractures in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Orthop Trauma, 2019,21(11):921-928. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7600.2019.11.001 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[38]
Sanderson M , Mohr B , Abraham MK . The emergent evaluation and treatment of hand and wrist injuries[J]. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 2020,38(1):61-79. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2019.09.004 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[39]
Court-Brown CM , Aitken S , Hamilton TW ,et al. Nonoperative fracture treatment in the modern era[J]. J Trauma, 2010,69(3):699-707. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b57ace .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[40]
Azzopardi T , Ehrendorfer S , Coulton T ,et al. Unstable extra-articular fractures of the distal radius: a prospective, randomised study of immobilisation in a cast versus supplementary percutaneous pinning[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2005,87(6):837-840. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15608 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[41]
Haasio J . Cubital nerve block vs haematoma block for the manipulation of Colles' fracture[J]. Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1990,79(3):168-171.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[42]
Sirnio K , Leppilahti J , Ohtonen P ,et al. Early palmar plate fixation of distal radius fractures may benefit patients aged 50 years or older: a randomized trial comparing 2 different treatment protocols[J]. Acta Orthop, 2019,90(2):123-128. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2018.1561614 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[43]
Zhang P , Jia B , Chen XK ,et al. Effects of surgical and nonoperative treatment on wrist function of patients with distal radius fracture[J]. Chin J Traumatol, 2018,21(1):30-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.11.004 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[44]
Wardrope J , Flowers M , Wilson DH . Comparison of local anaesthetic techniques in the reduction of Colles' fracture[J]. Arch Emerg Med, 1985,2(2):67-72. doi: 10.1136/emj.2.2.67 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[45]
Walther-Larsen S , Christophersen D , Fauner M ,et al. Intravenous regional analgesia compared to infiltration analgesia in the reduction of distal forearm fractures[J]. Ugeskr Laeger, 1988,150(32):1930-1932.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[46]
Kendall JM , Allen P , Younge P ,et al. Haematoma block or Bier's block for Colles' fracture reduction in the accident and emergency department--which is best? [J]. J Accid Emerg Med, 1997,14(6):352-356. doi: 10.1136/emj.14.6.352 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[47]
Cobb AG , Houghton GR . Local anaesthetic infiltration versus Bier's block for Colles' fractures[J]. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1985,291(6510):1683-1684. doi: 10.1136/bmj.291.6510.1683-a .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[48]
Abbaszadegan H , Jonsson U . Regional anesthesia preferable for Colles' fracture. Controlled comparison with local anesthesia[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1990,61(4):348-349. doi: 10.3109/17453679008993533 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[49]
Lichtman DM , Bindra RR , Boyer MI ,et al. Treatment of distal radius fractures[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2010,18(3):180-189. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0297 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[50]
侯继光张胜华汪琦,. 早期康复治疗对桡骨远端骨折术后腕关节功能恢复的影响[J]. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2017,32(1):98-99. doi: 10.7531/j.issn.1672-9935.2017.01.035 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Hou JG , Zhang SH , Wang Q ,et al. Effect of early rehabilitation on wrist function recovery after distal radius fracture surgery[J]. Chin J Bone Joint Injury, 2017,32(1):98-99. doi: 10.7531/j.issn.1672-9935.2017.01.035 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[51]
曹亮赵志根洪顾麒,. 桡骨远端骨折石膏固定后早期康复锻炼对PRWE评分肿胀评分及腕关节功能的影响[J]. 河北医学, 2021,27(1):41-45. doi: 10.3969/J.issn.1006-6233.2021.01.010 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Cao L , Zhao ZG , Hong GQ ,et al. Effect of early stage rehabilitation exercise on PRWE score swelling score and wrist function after plaster fixation of distal radius fractures[J]. Hebei Medicine, 2021,27(1):41-45. doi: 10.3969/J.issn.1006-6233.2021.01.010 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[52]
朱晓龙王玉龙陈文生. 便携式腕关节持续被动运动装置对上肢骨折术后患者上肢功能及生活质量的影响[J]. 中国临床新医学, 2020,13(2):180-182. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3806.2020.02.19 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Zhu XL , Wang YL , Chen WS . Effects of portable wrist joint continuous passive motion device on upper limb function and quality of life in patients with upper limb fractures[J]. Chinese Journal of New Clinical Medicine, 2020,13(2):180-182. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3806.2020.02.19 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[53]
Gutiérrez-Espinoza H , Araya-Quintanilla F , Gutiérrez-Monclus R ,et al. The effectiveness of adding a scapular exercise programme to physical therapy treatment in patients with distal radius fracture treated conservatively: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Clin Rehabil, 2019,33(12):1931-1939. doi: 10.1177/0269215519866240 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[54]
田烨龚惠华. 中药熏洗联合功能锻炼预防桡骨远端骨折后腕关节僵硬的价值[J]. 中国中医药现代远程教育, 2021,19(1):118-120. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2779.2021.01.049 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
Tian Y , Gong HH . The value of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing combined with functional exercise in preventing wrist stiffness after fracture of distal radius[J]. Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China, 2021,19(1):118-120. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2779.2021.01.049 .
Goto CitationGoogle Scholar
Baidu Scholar
Wanfang Data
[55]
Rosenauer R , Pezzei C , Quadlbauer S ,et al. Complications after operatively treated distal radius fractures[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2020,140(5):665-673. doi: 10.1007/s00402-020-03372-z .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[56]
Miller-Shahabar I , Schreuer N , Katsevman H ,et al. Efficacy of compression gloves in the rehabilitation of distal radius fractures: randomized controlled study[J]. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 2018,97(12):904-910. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000998 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[57]
Picelli A , Munari D , Modenese A ,et al. Robot-assisted arm training for treating adult patients with distal radius fracture: a proof-of-concept pilot study[J]. Eur J Phys Rehab Med, 2020,56(4):444-450. doi: 10.23736/s1973-9087.20.06112-2 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
备注信息
A
余斌,南方医科大学南方医院骨科-创伤骨科,广州 510515,Email:mocdef.3ab61lonibuy
B
唐佩福,解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853,Email:mocdef.3ab61103gnatfp
C
王秋根,上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院创伤中心,上海 200080,Email:mocdef.6ab21neguiqgnaw
D
张英泽,河北医科大学第三医院创伤急救中心,石家庄 050051,Email:mocdef.3ab61uil_gnilzy
E
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
评论 (1条)
注册
登录
时间排序
CAS_jeaPYh
2024-02-25 14:52:05
回复
0
MedAI助手(体验版)
文档即答
智问智答
机器翻译
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照

你好,我可以帮助您更好的了解本文,请向我提问您关注的问题。

0/2000

《中华医学会杂志社用户协议》 | 《隐私政策》

《SparkDesk 用户协议》 | 《SparkDesk 隐私政策》

网信算备340104764864601230055号 | 网信算备340104726288401230013号

技术支持:

历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号