规范与共识
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
脑小血管病MRI规范化应用专家共识
中华医学会放射学分会神经学组
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20231031-00334
Expert consensus on the standardized application of MRI in cerebral small vessel diseases
Neuroradiology Group of Chinese Society of Radiology of Chinese Medical Association
Ma Lin
Chen Feng
Li Haitao
Jin Guangwei
Authors Info & Affiliations
Neuroradiology Group of Chinese Society of Radiology of Chinese Medical Association
Ma Lin
Department of Radiology, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Chen Feng
Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou 570311, China
Li Haitao
Department of Radiology, the Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
Jin Guangwei
Department of Radiology, China Emergency General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20231031-00334
4283
1535
0
3
75
28
PDF下载
APP内阅读
摘要

脑小血管病(CSVD)是严重危害健康的常见疾病,临床表现具有非特异性和主观性,诊断高度依赖于神经影像学特征。目前关于CSVD的MRI诊断标准及报告规范亟待统一,为临床诊断治疗及疾病监测提供有价值的影像资料。为此,《脑小血管病MRI规范化应用专家共识》本着“统一标准、规范认识、指导实践”的目的,将基础知识、影像诊断、临床科研成果相结合,着重阐述CSVD的MRI扫描与报告规范化应用,以期指导临床实践,全面提升我国CSVD诊治同质化水平。

磁共振成像;脑小血管病;规范化;诊断;共识
引用本文

中华医学会放射学分会神经学组. 脑小血管病MRI规范化应用专家共识[J]. 中华放射学杂志,2024,58(01):6-17.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20231031-00334

PERMISSIONS

Request permissions for this article from CCC.

评价本文
*以上评分为匿名评价
本文评分
5 [累计3个]
脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)发病率高、患病人群数量庞大,是具有潜在严重破坏性的疾病,需要积极预防和改善治疗 1。自2019年《脑血管病影像规范化应用中国指南》和《中国脑血管病影像应用指南2019》发布以来 2 , 3,CSVD的诊疗愈加受到重视,《中国脑小血管病诊治指南2020》提出了CSVD临床缺乏特异性表现,诊断主要依靠影像学检查,而MRI作为其首选检查,可直观、定量、无创在体显示脑内各类影像学标志物,在CSVD诊断、评价中发挥着重要作用 4。但是,目前尚无针对CSVD的MRI诊断规范化共识,部分概念混淆严重影响了CSVD影像诊断及临床治疗的规范化、同质化,因此,本共识着重阐述CSVD的MRI技术及报告规范化应用,以期指导影像报告实践,全面提升我国CSVD诊断同质化水平。
试读结束,您可以通过登录机构账户或个人账户后获取全文阅读权限。
附录
附录1 脑小血管病MRI影像结构式报告
姓名 性别 年龄 影像号 检查日期
检查项目:□颅脑MRI平扫 □ 3D T 1WI □ DWI □ SWI □ MRA
1.近期皮层下小梗死(RSSI):□无 □有
位置: □皮层下或侧脑室旁白质 □半卵圆中心 □胼胝体 □基底节区 □丘脑 □脑干 □皮层 □额叶 □顶叶 □颞叶 □枕叶 □岛叶 □小脑
数量: □单发 □多发 _____个
如果为多发请根据情况选择:□单一动脉供血区 □同侧前后循环供血区 □双侧大脑半球
最大病灶 大小:_____mm×_____mm 位于_____
2.血管源性腔隙(LPVO):□无 □有
位置: □皮层下或侧脑室旁白质 □半卵圆中心 □胼胝体 □基底节区 □丘脑 □脑干 □皮层 □额叶 □顶叶 □颞叶 □枕叶 □岛叶 □小脑
数量: □≤3个 □>3个
最大病灶 大小:_____mm×_____mm 位于_____
3.白质高信号(WMH):□无 □有
脑室周围WMH 深部WMH
0:无 0:无
1:侧脑室前后角帽状或侧脑室体旁铅笔细线样高信号 1:皮层下白质有点状、小片状分布的白质高信号
2:侧脑室旁平滑光晕样高信号 2:开始融合的片状高信号
3:不规则脑室周围白质高信号延伸至深部白质 3:大片融合连续的白质高信号
总分(脑室周围WMH+深部WMH总和):_____分
4.血管周围间隙(PVS) □无 □有
□Ⅰ型基底节型 分级□0 □1 □2 □3 □4
□Ⅱ型大脑半球型 分级□0 □1 □2 □3 □4
□Ⅲ型中脑型 分级□0 □1
□瘤样PVS 部位:
5.脑微出血(CMB):□无 □有
位置 数量 大小
脑叶:□额叶□顶叶□颞叶□枕叶□岛叶 □1~5个 □6~15个 □>15个 □<5 mm □5~10 mm
脑深部:□基底节/丘脑 □内/外囊 □胼胝体/深部和脑室旁白质 □1~5个 □6~15个 □>15个 □<5 mm □5~10 mm
幕下:□脑干/小脑 □1~5个 □6~15个 □>15个 □<5 mm □5~10 mm
6.皮层表面铁沉积(cSS):□无 □局灶性(≤3个脑沟)□弥漫型(>4个脑沟)
7.脑萎缩(BA):□无 □有
类型:□广泛性 □髓质萎缩 □皮质萎缩 □局限性萎缩 □部位(____)
内侧颞叶萎缩评分 左侧评分 □0 □1 □2 □3 □4
右侧评分 □0 □1 □2 □3 □4
8.皮层微梗死:扫描层厚_____mm □无 □有
位置: □额叶 □顶叶 □颞叶 □枕叶 □岛叶
数量: □个
最大病灶: 大小:_____mm×_____mm 位于_____
9.脑小血管病(CSVD)影像学评分
血管源性腔隙 □0=无 □1=有 ≥1个
白质高信号 □0=无 □1=有 Fazekas评分:深部WMH评分≥2分和(或)脑室旁WMH评分为3分
血管周围间隙 □0=无 □1=有 基底节区中重度(2~4级)PVS
脑微出血 □0=无 □1=有 ≥1个深部或幕下CMB
总分 □0 □1 □2 □3 □4
CSVD影像学评分<2分 若无其他临床症状和体征,建议临床随访,定期检查
CSVD影像学评分≥2分 影像倾向诊断脑小血管病,建议进一步神经内科专科检查
其他影像所见(有无脑室扩张等脑内其他病变、颅骨、中耳、鼻窦有无病变等)

诊断印象:

□近期皮层下小梗死、□血管源性腔隙、□白质高信号、□血管周围间隙、□脑微出血、□皮层表面铁沉积、□脑萎缩、□皮层微梗死等

展开表格
参考文献
[1]
Greenberg SM . Small vessels, big problems[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006,354(14):1451-1453. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp068043 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[2]
国家卫生健康委员会脑卒中防治工程委员会神经影像专业委员会,中华医学会放射学分会神经学组. 脑血管病影像规范化应用中国指南[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2019,53(11):916-940. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1201.2019.11.002 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[3]
中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组. 中国脑血管病影像应用指南2019[J]. 中华神经科杂志, 2020,53(4):250-268. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20191007-00615 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[4]
中国研究型医院学会脑小血管病专业委员会《中国脑小血管病诊治专家共识》编写组. 中国脑小血管病诊治专家共识2021[J]. 中国卒中杂志, 2021,16(7):716-726. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2021.07.013 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[5]
Wardlaw JM , Smith C , Dichgans M . Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2013,12(5):483-497. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70060-7 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[6]
Wardlaw JM , Smith EE , Biessels GJ ,et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2013,12(8):822-838. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[7]
Duering M , Biessels GJ , Brodtmann A ,et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease-advances since 2013[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2023,22(7):602-618. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00131-X .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[8]
Hilal S , Mok V , Youn YC ,et al. Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of cerebral small vessel diseases: data from three Asian countries[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2017,88(8):669-674. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-315324 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[9]
Nam KW , Kwon HM , Lim JS ,et al. The presence and severity of cerebral small vessel disease increases the frequency of stroke in a cohort of patients with large artery occlusive disease[J]. PLoS One, 2017,12(10):e0184944. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184944 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[10]
Gorelick PB , Scuteri A , Black SE ,et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association[J]. Stroke, 2011,42(9):2672-2713. DOI: 10.1161/STR.0b013e3182299496 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[11]
Lam B , Cai Y , Akinyemi R ,et al. The global burden of cerebral small vessel disease in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Stroke, 2023,18(1):15-27. DOI: 10.1177/17474930221137019 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[12]
Tsai CF , Thomas B , Sudlow CL . Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations: a systematic review[J]. Neurology, 2013,81(3):264-272. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829bfde3 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[13]
Cannistraro RJ , Badi M , Eidelman BH ,et al. CNS small vessel disease: a clinical review[J]. Neurology, 2019,92(24):1146-1156. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007654 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[14]
Pantoni L . Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2010,9(7):689-701. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[15]
Ihara M , Yamamoto Y . Emerging evidence for pathogenesis of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease[J]. Stroke, 2016,47(2):554-560. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009627 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[16]
Freeze WM , Jacobs H , Schreuder F ,et al. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in small vessel disease related intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Front Neurol, 2018,9:926. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00926 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[17]
Wardlaw JM , Benveniste H , Nedergaard M ,et al. Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2020,16(3):137-153. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0312-z .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[18]
Shindo A , Ishikawa H , Ii Y ,et al. Clinical features and experimental models of cerebral small vessel disease[J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2020,12:109. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00109 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[19]
Charidimou A , Jäger RH , Fox Z ,et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy[J]. Neurology, 2013,81(7):626-632. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08f2c .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[20]
van Veluw SJ , Shih AY , Smith EE ,et al. Detection, risk factors, and functional consequences of cerebral microinfarcts[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2017,16(9):730-740. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30196-5 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[21]
Sze G , De Armond SJ , Brant-Zawadzki M ,et al. Foci of MRI signal (pseudo lesions) anterior to the frontal horns: histologic correlations of a normal finding[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1986,147(2):331-337. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.147.2.331 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[22]
Fazekas F , Chawluk JB , Alavi A ,et al. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer′s dementia and normal aging[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1987,149(2):351-356. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.149.2.351 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[23]
Kim KW , MacFall JR , Payne ME . Classification of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly persons[J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2008,64(4):273-280. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.024 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[24]
Debette S , Schilling S , Duperron MG ,et al. Clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging markers of vascular brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2019,76(1):81-94. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3122 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[25]
Francis F , Ballerini L , Wardlaw JM . Perivascular spaces and their associations with risk factors, clinical disorders and neuroimaging features: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Stroke, 2019,14(4):359-371. DOI: 10.1177/1747493019830321 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[26]
Charidimou A , Boulouis G , Frosch MP ,et al. The Boston criteria version 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a multicentre, retrospective, MRI-neuropathology diagnostic accuracy study[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2022,21(8):714-725. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00208-3 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[27]
Pereira KG , Peres MA , Iop D ,et al. Polypharmacy among the elderly: a population-based study[J]. Rev Bras Epidemiol, 2017,20(2):335-344. DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700020013 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[28]
Melillo R , Leisman G , Machado C ,et al. Retained primitive reflexes and potential for intervention in autistic spectrum disorders[J]. Front Neurol, 2022,13:922322. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.922322 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[29]
Kwee RM , Kwee TC . Virchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging[J]. Radiographics, 2007,27(4):1071-1086. DOI: 10.1148/rg.274065722 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[30]
Kwee RM , Kwee TC . Tumefactive Virchow-Robin spaces[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2019,111:21-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.12.011 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[31]
Bouvy WH , Biessels GJ , Kuijf HJ ,et al. Visualization of perivascular spaces and perforating arteries with 7 T magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Invest Radiol, 2014,49(5):307-313. DOI: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000027 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[32]
Heier LA , Bauer CJ , Schwartz L ,et al. Large Virchow-Robin spaces: MR-clinical correlation[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1989,10(5):929-936.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[33]
Potter GM , Chappell FM , Morris Z ,et al. Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability[J]. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2015,39(3-4):224-231. DOI: 10.1159/000375153 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[34]
Pasi M , Charidimou A , Boulouis G ,et al. Mixed-location cerebral hemorrhage/microbleeds: Underlying microangiopathy and recurrence risk[J]. Neurology, 2018,90(2):e119-e126. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004797 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[35]
Charidimou A , Boulouis G , Greenberg SM ,et al. Cortical superficial siderosis and bleeding risk in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a meta-analysis[J]. Neurology, 2019,93(24):e2192-e2202. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008590 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[36]
Weidauer S , Neuhaus E , Hattingen E . Cerebral superficial siderosis: etiology, neuroradiological features and clinical findings[J]. Clin Neuroradiol, 2023,33(2):293-306. DOI: 10.1007/s00062-022-01231-5 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[37]
张文波,祁吉,吴恩惠,. 海马结构的MRI体积测量[J]. 中国医学计算机成像杂志, 1996,2(3):153-156.
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[38]
吴恩惠. 头部CT诊断学[M]. 2版. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2006.
[39]
Scheltens P , Leys D , Barkhof F ,et al. Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on MRI in "probable" Alzheimer′s disease and normal ageing: diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1992,55(10):967-972. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.55.10.967 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[40]
Pasquier F , Leys D , Weerts JG ,et al. Inter-and intraobserver reproducibility of cerebral atrophy assessment on MRI scans with hemispheric infarcts[J]. Eur Neurol, 1996,36(5):268-272. DOI: 10.1159/000117270 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[41]
Koedam EL , Lehmann M , van der Flier WM ,et al. Visual assessment of posterior atrophy development of a MRI rating scale[J]. Eur Radiol, 2011,21(12):2618-2625. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2205-4 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[42]
中华医学会放射学分会磁共振学组北京认知神经科学学会. 阿尔茨海默病MR检查规范中国专家共识[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2019,53(8):665-671. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005?1201.2019.08.002 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[43]
Charidimou A , Linn J , Vernooij MW ,et al. Cortical superficial siderosis: detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions[J]. Brain, 2015,138(Pt 8):2126-2139. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv162 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[44]
Ter Telgte A , Wiegertjes K , Gesierich B ,et al. Contribution of acute infarcts to cerebral small vessel disease progression[J]. Ann Neurol, 2019,86(4):582-592. DOI: 10.1002/ana.25556 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[45]
Lawrence AJ , Chung AW , Morris RG ,et al. Structural network efficiency is associated with cognitive impairment in small-vessel disease[J]. Neurology, 2014,83(4):304-311. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000612 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[46]
Zhang W , Zhou Y , Wang J ,et al. Glymphatic clearance function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease[J]. Neuroimage, 2021,238:118257. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118257 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[47]
Alsop DC , Detre JA , Golay X ,et al. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: a consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2015,73(1):102-116. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25197 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[48]
Ter Telgte A , van Leijsen E , Wiegertjes K ,et al. Cerebral small vessel disease: from a focal to a global perspective[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2018,14(7):387-398. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0014-y .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[49]
Thrippleton MJ , Backes WH , Sourbron S ,et al. Quantifying blood-brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: Review and consensus recommendations[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2019,15(6):840-858. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.013 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[50]
Rau YA , Wang SM , Tournier JD ,et al. A longitudinal fixel-based analysis of white matter alterations in patients with Parkinson′s disease[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2019,24:102098. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102098 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[51]
Sun C , Wu Y , Ling C ,et al. Deep gray matter iron deposition and its relationship to clinical features in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy patients: a 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Stroke, 2020,51(6):1750-1757. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028812 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[52]
Ling C , Fang X , Kong Q ,et al. Lenticulostriate arteries and basal ganglia changes in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, a high-field MRI study[J]. Front Neurol, 2019,10:870. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00870 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
[53]
Sun C , Wu Y , Ling C ,et al. Reduced blood flow velocity in lenticulostriate arteries of patients with CADASIL assessed by PC-MRA at 7T[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2022,93(4):451-452. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326258 .
返回引文位置Google Scholar
百度学术
万方数据
备注信息
A
马林,解放军总医院第一医学中心放射诊断科,北京 100853,Email: mocdef.3ab61.pivnilam.rjc
B
陈峰,海南省人民医院(海南医学院附属海南医院)放射科,海口 570311,Email: mocdef.3ab612080regnef
C
黎海涛,陆军军医大学西南医院放射科,重庆 400038,Email: mocdef.3ab6140781838831
D
金光暐,应急管理部应急总医院影像科,北京 100028,Email: mocdef.aabnisnijiewgnaug
E
中华医学会放射学分会神经学组. 脑小血管病MRI规范化应用专家共识[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2024, 58(1): 6-17. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112149-20231031-00334.
F
北京协和医院神经内科朱以诚教授给予的指导和帮助
G
所有作者声明无利益冲突
评论 (0条)
注册
登录
时间排序
暂无评论,发表第一条评论抢沙发
MedAI助手(体验版)
文档即答
智问智答
机器翻译
回答内容由人工智能生成,我社无法保证其准确性和完整性,该生成内容不代表我们的态度或观点,仅供参考。
生成快照
文献快照

你好,我可以帮助您更好的了解本文,请向我提问您关注的问题。

0/2000

《中华医学会杂志社用户协议》 | 《隐私政策》

《SparkDesk 用户协议》 | 《SparkDesk 隐私政策》

网信算备340104764864601230055号 | 网信算备340104726288401230013号

技术支持:

历史对话
本文全部
还没有聊天记录
设置
模式
纯净模式沉浸模式
字号