指南与共识
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
2023年美国麻醉医师学会神经肌肉阻滞监测与拮抗实践指南:美国麻醉医师学会工作组关于神经肌肉阻滞的报告
Thilen Stephan R.
Weigel Wade A.
Todd Michael M.
Dutton Richard P.
Lien Cynthia A.
Grant Stuart A.
Szokol Joseph W.
Eriksson Lars I.
Yaster Myron
Grant Mark D.
Agarkar Madhulika
Marbella Anne M.
Blanck Jaime F.
Domino Karen B.
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn131073.20240304.00502
2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on neuromuscular blockade
Thilen Stephan R.
Weigel Wade A.
Todd Michael M.
Dutton Richard P.
Lien Cynthia A.
Grant Stuart A.
Szokol Joseph W.
Eriksson Lars I.
Yaster Myron
Grant Mark D.
Agarkar Madhulika
Marbella Anne M.
Blanck Jaime F.
Domino Karen B.
Authors Info & Affiliations
Thilen Stephan R.
(co-chair)
Seattle, Washington
Weigel Wade A.
(co-chair)
Seattle, Washington
Todd Michael M.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Dutton Richard P.
Dallas, Texas
Lien Cynthia A.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Grant Stuart A.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Szokol Joseph W.
Los Angeles, California
Eriksson Lars I.
Stockholm, Sweden
Yaster Myron
Denver, Colorado
Grant Mark D.
Schaumburg, Illinois
Agarkar Madhulika
Schaumburg, Illinois
Marbella Anne M.
Schaumburg, Illinois
Blanck Jaime F.
Baltimore, Maryland
Domino Karen B.
Seattle, Washington
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn131073.20240304.00502
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实践指南为系统性制定的推荐,以帮助医生和患者做出卫生保健的决策。这些推荐可能会根据临床需要和限制而被采纳、修改或拒绝,并不旨在取代当地机构的政策。此外,ASA制定的实践指南并不是标准或绝对要求,其应用并不能保证任何特定的结局。实践指南应根据医学知识、技术和实践的进展进行修订。通过现有的文献、专家和从业者意见、公众评论、临床可行性数据的汇总及分析,为麻醉实践提供推荐。实践指南旨在提供更新的循证证据,以提高患者麻醉安全及改善预后。
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附录
附录1.
研究与患者特征

神经肌肉功能监测:患者预后

证据主体纳入了16项(10项随机对照试验 [ 3 , 12 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 47 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 ] 、2项前后对照研究 [ 44 , 46 ] 、3项前瞻性队列研究 [ 42 , 45 , 48 ] 和1项回顾性队列研究 [ 43 ] )比较定量神经肌肉功能监测与定性或临床评估对患者预后影响的研究。纳入研究的受试者例数中位数为135例(极差:30~17 150)。受试者年龄均数为46.6岁,56%为女性,BMI均数为26.2 kg/m 2。6项研究(40%)纳入ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的受试者,7项(44%)研究纳入ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级的受试者[2项研究未报告ASA分级(13%)]。

神经肌肉功能监测:拔除气管导管前确认TOFr≥0.9

证据主体纳入了41项(26项随机对照试验 [ 41 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 71 , 73 , 86 , 118 , 139 , 145 , 147 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 ] 、1项前后对照研究 [ 44 ] 、4项非随机试验 [ 142 , 182 , 183 , 184 ] 、6项前瞻性队列研究 [ 105 , 117 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 ] 、3项回顾性队列研究 [ 43 , 189 , 190 ] 以及1项完全配对研究 [ 58 ] )应用定量神经肌肉功能监测及舒更葡糖钠或新斯的明拮抗,并报告肌松药残留阻滞(TOFr<0.9)的研究。对于分层随机化研究,各分组独立。在按亚组结果报告的研究中,将亚组合并以消除依赖性的影响(亚组之间无显著性差异)。纳入研究的受试者例数中位数120例(极差:20~624)。受试者年龄均数或中位数为53.6岁,54%为女性,BMI均数为26.1 kg/m 2

28项研究使用舒更葡糖钠作为拮抗药物(附表S13,http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)。根据现有数据(出版物中报道或从作者处获得),其中10项研究拔除气管导管前确认TOFr≥0.9 [ 60 , 62 , 68 , 73 , 86 , 118 , 139 , 142 , 179 , 180 ] ,2项研究拔除气管导管前确认TOFr≥0.8或未说明TOFr [ 128 , 191 ] ,11项研究拔除气管导管前未确认TOFr [ 59 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 105 , 176 , 184 , 186 , 187 , 189 ] ;6项研究(1项研究有2个分层)无法判断拔除气管导管前是否确认TOFr [ 43 , 61 , 67 , 117 , 182 , 190 ] 。40项研究应用新斯的明作为拮抗药物(附表S14,http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)。其中10项研究拔除气管导管前确认TOFr≥0.9 [ 41 , 60 , 62 , 68 , 73 , 86 , 118 , 173 , 174 , 175 ] ,5项研究拔除气管导管前确认TOFr≥0.8或未说明TOFr [ 3 , 12 , 191 , 192 , 193 ] ,15项研究拔除气管导管前未确认TOFr [ 58 , 59 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 71 , 105 , 181 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 ] ;9项研究无法判断拔除气管导管前是否确认TOFr [ 43 , 44 , 61 , 67 , 117 , 145 , 147 , 177 , 182 ]

神经肌肉功能监测:技术性能

证据主体纳入了22项(17项完全配对研究 [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 ] 、4项随机对照试验 [ 52 , 203 , 204 , 205 ] 以及1项前瞻性队列研究 [ 57 ] )评估可能影响神经肌肉功能监测性能的各种因素。纳入研究的受试者例数中位数为36例(极差:8~150)。受试者年龄均数为47.8岁,50%为女性,BMI均数为26.3 kg/m 2。15项研究(68%)纳入ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的受试者,4项研究(18%)纳入ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级的受试者,1项研究(4%)纳入ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅳ级的受试者(2项研究未报道)。其中8项研究重点是比较拇内收肌和其他肌肉的恢复时间。附表S15和S16(http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)列出其相关数据。

肌松药残留阻滞的拮抗

证据主体纳入了191项(133项随机对照试验 [ 4 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 95 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 163 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 ] 、11项非随机试验 [ 17 , 128 , 142 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 191 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 ] 、45项队列研究 [ 15 , 42 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 116 , 117 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 143 , 144 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 227 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 ] 以及2项前后对照研究 [ 115 , 168 ] )评价成人肌松药有效性和安全性。仅纳入成人的随机对照研究受试者例数中位数为88例(极差:16~350);受试者年龄均数为47.6岁,52%为女性,BMI均数为28.7 kg/m 2。其余研究纳入的受试者例数中位数为187例(极差:17~45 712);受试者年龄均数为54.0岁,56%为女性,BMI均数为30.5 kg/m 2。药企资助了21%的随机对照试验,17%的研究仅限于成人。

附录2.
定量神经肌肉功能监测的技术性能

虽无直接证据表明定量神经肌肉功能监测可减少术后肺部并发症,但证据分析考虑定量神经肌肉功能监测减少肌松药残留阻滞的临床有效性(附表S23~26,http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)。该评估包括设备诊断性能和降低肌松药残留阻滞发生率。肌机械描记法采用力传感器测量颤搐强度,是最适合的参考标准。作为监测肌松药残留阻滞的工具,所有定量神经肌肉功能监测仪的监测误差均明显。在拇内收肌处,不同设备之间TOFr的一致性偏差范围,甚至同一设备(包括肌机械描记法)监测的TOFr的一致性偏差范围接近±10%。正确使用设备,包括校准和肌肉群的选择,可能有助于缩小测量误差。尽管存在上述局限性,定量神经肌肉功能监测在减少肌松药残留阻滞具有重要意义,监测误差可能对临床结局产生的影响不大。不同类型设备诊断性能的比较表明,首选临床医生熟悉且能合理使用的设备。

尽管上述TOFr的监测误差约为0.1,评价定量神经肌肉功能监测仪诊断是否准确的参考标准仍然是肌机械描记法。肌电图有以下优点:不需要固定监测的肌肉,手臂和手因为手术体位要求需要调整时,其仍然有效。不需要前负荷,与肌机械描记法有较好的一致性(基线值TOFr接近1.0),因此不需要较准。与机械肌电图相比,温度变化对肌电图的影响较小。肌电图与加速度描记法主要的区别在于费用;所有FDA批准的独立肌电图监测仪都需要有专用的一次性电极,每个电极价格通常在15~20 USD之间。加速度描记法可以标准化(基线TOFr通常大于1.0)或者非标准化(没有测量基线值)。非标准化加速度描记法测量的TOFr比肌机械描记法高约0.1,而标准化加速度描记法与肌机械描记法相当 [ 58 ] 。加速度描记法每单位可在一个方向(单轴)或三个方向(三轴)测量拇指的加速度,后者在新设备中更常见。对单轴和三轴加速度描记法进行比较的数据有限(附表S24,http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)。加速度描记法制造商已开发出专有的算法用于测量TOFr,包括筛除任何高于1.0的值(当实际值更高时显示为1.0)或将比率计算为T4/T2。临床医生了解这些技术的改进很重要。

前负荷的定义是在肌机械描记法和加速度描记法中对拇指运动施加一定的阻力。前负荷可能提高加速度描记法的准确率,但数据有限。

在监测设备比较的研究中,达到指定TOFr的时间为设备安全性提供了间接证据(附表S26,http://links.lww.com/ALN/C928)。恢复到指定TOFr所需时间较长的设备认为安全性更高。前提是该监测设备没有错误的低估TOFr。文献显示达到TOFr=0.9的时间,从长到短依次为(安全性从高到低):肌机械描记法≈肌电图>加速度描记法。

监测部位

不同的眼肌具有不同的特点,区分眼轮匝肌和皱眉肌的诱发反应往往比较困难 [ 39 , 51 ] 。因此,我们对所有的眼肌都作出相同的推荐。拇内收肌的恢复慢于皱眉肌和眼轮匝肌。与拇内收肌相比,皱眉肌和眼轮匝肌均存在较高的TOFr。肌松药残留阻滞定义为拇内收肌处的TOFr<0.9。因此,最佳方式是通过在该部位进行有效的监测来确认神经肌肉功能是否充分恢复。有效的神经肌肉阻滞深度监测对于指导拮抗药物及其剂量的选择必不可少。如果由于术中没有其他部位可供选择而在眼肌进行术中神经肌肉功能监测,推荐在拮抗前将监测部位改为拇内收肌。拇内收肌的反应决定拮抗药物的推荐剂量。FDA批准的舒更葡糖钠推荐剂量并非在皱眉肌处进行监测 [ 54 ] 。由于这些原因,相比于眼轮匝肌或皱眉肌,拇内收肌是更安全的选择。拇内收肌和咬肌处的神经肌肉功能恢复时间相似,但数据非常有限。

在手部,有3个肌肉群最常用于肌电图监测,分别是拇内收肌(拇指掌侧部分)、第一骨间背侧肌(手后部、在拇指和食指之间)和小趾展肌(小指近端的手掌内侧)。监测的参考部位是拇内收肌。在拇内收肌和第一骨间背侧肌同时监测得到的TOFr相似。因此,可合理选择这些部位交替监测,尤其是在拇内收肌不可监测或信号质量差的情况下。监测时,拇内收肌的TOFr低于小趾展肌,表明小趾展肌对神经肌肉阻滞相对抵抗。因此,应谨慎应用小趾展肌的监测数据来指导神经肌肉阻滞的拮抗(患者的神经肌肉阻滞深度比定量神经肌肉功能监测显示的数值要更深)。对可替换监测的肌肉群——第一骨间背侧肌和小趾展肌进行直接比较发现,在小趾展肌处观察到相同的抵抗模式,因此应强调在拇内收肌和第一骨间背侧肌处进行监测以提高患者安全性。

拇内收肌和咬肌的神经肌肉功能恢复时间相似,但数据非常有限。拇短屈肌的监测结果不一致;但拇内收肌和拇短屈肌的神经肌肉功能恢复时间比拇内收肌和眼肌的恢复时间更为接近。

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备注信息
A
美国巷1061号,绍姆堡,伊利诺伊州,Email: udedef.wabuonimodk
B

本文首次发表在《Anesthesiology》,2023,138(1):13-41.DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004379.

C
Dr. Lien是Senzime科学顾问委员会成员。Dr. Eriksson从Senzime AB(瑞典)和默克(瑞典)获得演讲费和医疗咨询费。Dr. Domino获得了爱德华生命科学公司的研究资助。Dr.S.A. Grant申明有以下财务关系:SPR Therapeutics(克利夫兰,俄亥俄州);美国牛津大学出版社(纽约,纽约州),教科书版税;BBraun USA(伯利恒,宾夕法尼亚州)的过往咨询顾问。上述声明均与文章内容无任何关系。其余作者声明无任何利益冲突
D
医疗卫生专业人士作出的任何与治疗有关的决定应根据患者的具体情况并应参照国家药品监督管理局批准的药品说明书
E
本文原文"2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade" ,首次发表在《Anesthesiology》,2023,138(1):13-41;本次二次发表已取得版权所有者©2023 Wolters Kluwer出版社的同意,对原文进行翻译,不涉及一稿多投及侵犯版权等问题
F
感谢南方医科大学珠江医院麻醉科徐世元教授为本文审核提供指导意见,感谢默沙东(中国)投资有限公司唐加华为本文翻译提供学术支持,感谢上海北翱医药科技有限公司为本文提供辅助编辑服务,及默沙东(中国)投资有限公司的支持
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