综述
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
先天性无眼球和小眼球的遗传学病因及临床对策
廖科人
沈吟 [综述]
作者及单位信息
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DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20220212-00053
Genetic etiology and clinical strategies of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Liao Keren
Shen Yin
Authors Info & Affiliations
Liao Keren
Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
Shen Yin
Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
·
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20220212-00053
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摘要

先天性无眼球和小眼球分别指眼球缺失和眼轴长度明显缩短。其中,单纯性小眼球仅眼球体积小于正常,不伴其他眼部畸形。先天性无眼球和小眼球的患病率为1.18/10 000,病因以遗传缺陷为主,常见的致病基因包括 SOX2OTX2PAX6RAX。近年研究结果表明 MAB21L1EPHA2VPS35LFAT1等基因异常也与先天性无眼球和小眼球的发生和发展有关。高龄生育、妊娠期糖尿病和妊娠期吸烟是该病的危险因素。先天性无眼球和小眼球可通过眼部超声或磁共振成像测量眼轴长度和角膜直径确诊。目前,先天性无眼球和小眼球仍以对症治疗为主,其常见并发症包括远视、青光眼、眼眶发育异常和葡萄膜渗漏综合征。本文就先天性无眼球和小眼球的遗传学病因和治疗策略进行综述,以期为其诊治提供新的思路。

先天性无眼球;先天性小眼球;基因;临床表现;治疗
ABSTRACT

Congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia refer to the absence of eyeball and a significantly shortened axial length, respectively.Among them, simple microphthalmia only has a smaller eyeball volume than normal without other eye malformations.The prevalence of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia is 1.18/10 000 and the etiology of the diseases are dominated by genetic defects, with common causative genes including SOX2, OTX2, PAX6 and RAX.Recent research results have shown that genetic abnormalities of MAB21L1, EPHA2, VPS35L, FAT1 are also associated with the occurrence and development of the diseases.Advanced childbearing age, gestational diabetes and smoking during pregnancy are risk factors for the diseases.Congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia can be diagnosed by ocular ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging measurement of axial length and corneal diameter.At present, congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia mainly focus on symptomatic treatment.The common complications of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia include hyperopia, glaucoma, orbital dysplasia, and uveal effusion.To provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia, genetic etiology and treatment are reviewed in this article.

Congenital anophthalmos;Congenital microphthalmos;Genes;Clinical manifestation;Treatment
Shen Yin, Email: nc.defudabe.uhwnehsniy
引用本文

廖科人,沈吟. 先天性无眼球和小眼球的遗传学病因及临床对策[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志,2024,42(10):945-951.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20220212-00053

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先天性无眼球和小眼球是一种严重的遗传缺陷疾病,在活产婴儿中的患病率为1.18/10 000 [ 1 ]。小眼球定义为眼轴长度低于同龄人群眼轴长度均值2个标准差 [ 2 ]。正常新生儿和成人眼轴长度分别约为17和23.8 mm,而小眼球患者通常眼球前后径小于20 mm,角膜直径小于10 mm [ 3 ]。无眼部残余物则定义为无眼球。先天性小眼球可伴随其他眼部病变,如白内障、青光眼、眼球震颤、视网膜脱离、角膜瘢痕和眼球结构缺损 [ 4 ]。33%~85%先天性无眼球和小眼球患者伴随其他眼外病变 [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]。先天性无眼球和小眼球相关的危险因素包括母亲有流产史、糖尿病、孕早期吸烟、高龄生育等 [ 5 , 7 ]。一般认为先天性无眼球和小眼球与胚胎发生期间视裂闭合失败,眼形态发生紊乱有关。眼的发育需要精确的基因网络调控,而关键基因的缺陷将导致先天性无眼球和小眼球。20%~40%的先天性无眼球和小眼球患者可筛查出已知的致病基因变异,涉及100多个基因 [ 8 , 9 ]。由于缺乏有效治疗手段,临床上仍以改善视力、促进眼眶发育、预防和治疗并发症为主。本文就先天性无眼球和小眼球的遗传学病因和治疗策略进行综述,以期为其诊治提供新的思路。
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沈吟,Email: nc.defudabe.uhwnehsniy
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所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
C
国家自然科学基金 (82471086)
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