监测
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
2018-2023年中国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常特征及影响因素分析
贾瀚璐
魏来
耿云霞
甘秀敏
赵德才
赵燕
作者及单位信息
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DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240902-00546
Prevalence of dyslipidemia and influencing factors in HIV-infected people before starting antiretroviral therapy in China, 2018-2023
Jia Hanlu
Wei Lai
Geng Yunxia
Gan Xiumin
Zhao Decai
Zhao Yan
Authors Info & Affiliations
Jia Hanlu
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
Wei Lai
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
Geng Yunxia
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
Gan Xiumin
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
Zhao Decai
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
Zhao Yan
Division of Treatment and Care,National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
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DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240902-00546
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摘要

目的了解全国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗(ART)前的血脂异常特征。

方法资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病ART数据库,以全国2018-2023年启动ART的HIV感染者为研究样本,收集研究对象启动ART的基线信息,包括社会人口学和实验室检查等信息,依据《中国血脂管理指南(2023)》和美国国家胆固醇教育计划成年人治疗小组Ⅲ准则将TG≥1.7 mmol/L或TC≥5.2 mmol/L定义为血脂异常。应用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析,采用非条件logistic回归模型分析启动ART前的HIV感染者TG和TC异常的影响因素。

结果在359 952例HIV感染者中,血脂异常率为38.41%(138 263/359 952)。TG和TC的异常率分别是31.40%(113 041/359 952)和13.75%(49 494/359 952)。在25~44岁年龄组之外的其他各年龄组中,女性HIV感染者的TG和TC异常率均高于男性。女性、45~64岁、东北地区、传播途径为异性性传播、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2、CD4 +T淋巴细胞计数≥500个/µl的HIV感染者基线血脂异常率较高(均 P<0.05)。

结论2018-2023年我国HIV感染者启动ART前的TG异常率较高,尤其是女性HIV感染者,且随着年龄上升,TG和TC异常率均上升,在临床诊疗及选择ART方案时要予以重视。

艾滋病病毒;抗病毒治疗;三酰甘油;总胆固醇;血脂异常
ABSTRACT

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of baseline dyslipidemia in HIV-infected people before starting antiviral therapy (ART) in China.

MethodsThe data were collected from HIV/AIDS ART database of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. A national sample of HIV- infected people who initiated ART from 2018 to 2023 was used to collect baseline information, including sociodemographic characteristics and laboratory test results. According to the Chinese Lipid Management Guidelines (2023) and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ guidelines, triglyceride (TG) ≥1.7 mmol/L or total cholesterol (TC) ≥5.2 mmol/L were identified as dyslipidemia. Statistical analysis was performed with software SAS 9.4. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing TG and TC abnormalities in HIV-infected patients before ART.

ResultsA total of 359 952 adults infected with HIV were included in this study, the prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was 38.41% (138 263/359 952). The abnormal rates of TG and TC were 31.40% (113 041/359 952) and 13.75% (49 494/359 952), respectively. In all age groups except for the 25-44 age groups, the abnormal rates of TG and TC were higher in HIV-infected women than in HIV-infected men. In HIV-infected patients, women, those aged 45-64 years, those lived in northeast region, those had heterosexual transmission, and those with BMI ≥28.0 kg/m 2, CD4 +T lymphocytes counts ≥500 cells/µl had higher rates of baseline dyslipidemia (all P<0.05).

ConclusionsThe abnormal rate of TG in HIV-infected people before ART was higher in China from 2018 to 2023, especially in HIV-infected women, and the abnormal rate of TG and TC increased with age. Attention should be paid to the clinical diagnosis and ART selection in the treatment of HIV infection.

HIV;Antiviral therapy;Triglycerides;Total cholesterol;Dyslipidemia
Zhao Yan, Email: nc.defsdabiaanihcnayoahz
引用本文

贾瀚璐,魏来,耿云霞,等. 2018-2023年中国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常特征及影响因素分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2025,46(01):95-100.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240902-00546

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现有研究表明,心血管疾病是HIV感染者非艾滋病相关死亡的首要原因 1。众所周知,HIV感染者长期使用抗病毒药物会引起血脂异常、肥胖、糖尿病等并发症 2,其中血脂异常是以动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)为主的心血管疾病的独立危险因素。无论是否接受抗病毒治疗(ART),HIV本身及宿主的免疫反应都可能影响脂质代谢,从而导致血脂异常,增加了HIV感染者患心血管疾病的可能性。有研究显示 3 , 4,HIV感染会导致TC、LDL-C和HDL-C降低,TG水平升高,尤其是艾滋病患者,这与肝脏释放的极低密度脂蛋白增加和TG清除率降低有关;也有研究发现,HIV 感染者持续的炎症反应导致血脂代谢紊乱,常表现为较高的TG、TC和LDL-C值和较低的HDL-C值 5。目前对HIV感染者血脂状况的研究多集中在ART启动后,对于未启动ART的HIV感染者的血脂水平研究较少。本研究基于大样本,分析2018-2023年全国HIV感染者启动ART前的血脂异常特征及影响因素,为艾滋病合并其他疾病风险评估和临床监测等提供参考依据。
资料与方法
1. 资料来源:中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病ART数据库,研究对象为2018-2023年启动ART前的HIV感染者。纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁;②初次接受ART;③血脂检测日期在ART启动日期之前或当日;④有基线TG、TC检测结果。本研究已通过中国CDC性病艾滋病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查(批准文号:KX230601731)。
2. 研究方法:收集研究对象启动ART的基线信息,包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、地区、传播途径等社会人口学信息,CD4 +T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数、TG、TC等实验室检测信息。
3. 诊断标准:HIV感染的诊断依据文献[ 6 ]。血脂异常的诊断标准依据文献[ 7 , 8 ],TG≥1.7 mmol/L或TC≥5.2 mmol/L定义为血脂异常。BMI标准依据文献[ 9 ]:BMI(kg/m 2)<18.5、18.5~、24.0~、≥28.0分别定义为消瘦、正常、超重、肥胖。
4. 统计学分析:应用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。计数资料采用例数、构成比和率(%)描述。采用非条件logistic回归模型分析启动ART前的HIV感染者TG和TC异常的影响因素,自变量为性别、年龄、地区、传播途径、BMI、CD4计数等指标,因变量分别为TG异常和TC异常,自变量筛选标准为0.10,采用逐步法进行多因素分析。双侧检验,检验水准 α=0.05。
结果
1. 研究对象血脂异常特征:在359 952例HIV感染者中,男性和女性分别占78.09%(281 102/359 952)和21.91%(78 850/359 952),年龄分别为(43.69±16.30)和(49.33±13.49)岁。血脂异常率为38.41%(138 263/359 952),TG和TC的异常率分别为31.40%(113 041/359 952)和13.75%(49 494/359 952)。女性(34.59%)、45~64岁(35.27%)、东北地区(33.49%)、传播途径为异性性传播(33.08%)、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2(53.04%)、CD4计数≥500个/µl(35.12%)的HIV感染者TG异常率较高;女性(19.79%)、45~64岁(17.38%)、西南地区(15.67%)、传播途径为异性性传播(15.58%)、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2(20.57%)、CD4计数≥500个/µl(18.66%)的HIV感染者TC异常率较高。见 表1 。在25~44岁年龄组之外的其他各年龄组中,女性HIV感染者的TG和TC异常率均高于男性。见 图1
特 征 人数 TG异常 TC异常
合计 359 952(100.00) 246 911(68.60) 113 041(31.40) 310 458(86.25) 49 494(13.75)
性别
281 102(78.09) 195 334(69.49) 85 768(30.51) 247 209(87.94) 33 893(12.06)
78 850(21.91) 51 577(65.41) 27 273(34.59) 63 249(80.21) 15 601(19.79)
年龄组(岁)
18~ 37 597(10.45) 30 823(81.98) 6 774(18.02) 35 251(93.76) 2 346(6.24)
25~ 141 753(39.38) 94 675(66.79) 47 078(33.21) 124 814(88.05) 16 939(11.95)
45~ 131 862(36.63) 85 359(64.73) 46 503(35.27) 108 950(82.62) 22 912(17.38)
≥65 48 740(13.54) 36 054(73.97) 12 686(26.03) 41 443(85.03) 7 297(14.97)
地区
东北 16 535(4.59) 10 998(66.51) 5 537(33.49) 14 460(87.45) 2 075(12.55)
华北 19 181(5.33) 13 407(69.90) 5 774(30.10) 16 698(87.05) 2 483(12.95)
华东 63 326(17.59) 44 686(70.57) 18 640(29.43) 55 651(87.88) 7 675(12.12)
华南 80 346(22.32) 55 483(69.06) 24 863(30.94) 68 879(85.73) 11 467(14.27)
华中 27 674(7.69) 18 960(68.51) 8 714(31.49) 24 456(88.37) 3 218(11.63)
西北 19 910(5.53) 14 169(71.17) 5 741(28.83) 18 167(91.25) 1 743(8.75)
西南 132 980(36.95) 89 208(67.08) 43 772(32.92) 112 147(84.33) 20 833(15.67)
传播途径
异性性传播 233 534(64.88) 156 275(66.92) 77 259(33.08) 197 146(84.42) 36 388(15.58)
同性性传播 104 935(29.15) 76 010(72.44) 28 925(27.56) 94 484(90.04) 10 451(9.96)
其他 21 483(5.97) 14 626(68.08) 6 857(31.92) 18 828(87.64) 2 655(12.36)
BMI(kg/m 2
<18.5 41 084(11.41) 32 178(78.32) 8 906(21.68) 37 417(91.07) 3 667(8.93)
18.5~ 198 404(55.12) 142 918(72.03) 55 486(27.97) 172 774(87.08) 25 630(12.92)
24.0~ 63 330(17.60) 36 003(56.85) 27 327(43.15) 52 058(82.20) 11 272(17.80)
≥28.0 16 245(4.51) 7 629(46.96) 8 616(53.04) 12 904(79.43) 3 341(20.57)
缺失 40 889(11.36) 28 183(68.93) 12 706(31.07) 35 305(86.34) 5 584(13.66)
CD4 +T淋巴细胞计数(个/µl)
<200 117 197(32.56) 79 824(68.11) 37 373(31.89) 104 776(89.40) 12 421(10.60)
200~ 97 567(27.10) 69 595(71.33) 27 972(28.67) 84 276(86.38) 13 291(13.62)
350~ 57 423(15.95) 39 337(68.50) 18 086(31.50) 48 278(84.07) 9 145(15.93)
≥500 39 475(10.97) 25 613(64.88) 13 862(35.12) 32 109(81.34) 7 366(18.66)
缺失 48 290(13.42) 32 542(67.39) 15 748(32.61) 41 019(84.94) 7 271(15.06)
2018-2023年中国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常特征

注:括号外数据为人数,括号内数据为构成比或率(%)

不同年龄、不同性别HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常率比较
2. 血脂异常的影响因素分析:多因素分析结果显示,女性(a OR=1.06,95% CI:1.04~1.08)、45~64岁(a OR=2.05,95% CI:1.98~2.11)、东北地区(a OR=1.21,95% CI:1.17~1.26)、异性性传播途径(a OR=1.20,95% CI:1.18~1.23)、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2(a OR=2.93,95% CI:2.84~3.03)、CD4计数≥500个/µl(a OR=1.09,95% CI:1.07~1.12)的HIV感染者基线TG异常率较高。女性(a OR=1.50,95% CI:1.47~1.54)、45~64岁(a OR=2.82,95% CI:2.70~2.95)、东北地区(a OR=1.16,95% CI:1.10~1.23)、传播途径为异性性传播(a OR=1.19,95% CI:1.16~1.23)、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2(a OR=1.67,95% CI:1.60~1.74)、CD4计数≥500个/µl(a OR=2.17,95% CI:2.10~2.24)的HIV感染者基线TC异常率较高。见 表2
组 别 TG异常 TC异常
单因素分析 多因素分析 单因素分析 多因素分析
OR值(95% CI P a OR值(95% CI P OR值(95% CI P a OR值(95% CI P
性别
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.20(1.18~1.23) <0.001 1.06(1.04~1.08) <0.001 1.80(1.76~1.84) <0.001 1.50(1.47~1.54) <0.001
年龄组(岁)
18~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
25~ 2.26(2.20~2.33) <0.001 1.99(1.93~2.05) <0.001 2.04(1.95~2.13) <0.001 1.94(1.86~2.03) <0.001
45~ 2.48(2.41~2.55) <0.001 2.05(1.98~2.11) <0.001 3.16(3.02~3.30) <0.001 2.82(2.70~2.95) <0.001
≥65 1.60(1.55~1.66) <0.001 1.39(1.34~1.44) <0.001 2.65(2.52~2.78) <0.001 2.55(2.42~2.68) <0.001
地区
东北 1.21(1.16~1.25) <0.001 1.21(1.17~1.26) <0.001 1.04(0.99~1.10) 0.133 1.16(1.10~1.23) <0.001
华北 1.03(1.00~1.07) 0.076 0.97(0.93~1.01) 0.092 1.08(1.03~1.13) 0.002 1.10(1.05~1.16) <0.001
华东 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
华南 1.07(1.05~1.10) <0.001 1.10(1.07~1.12) <0.001 1.21(1.17~1.25) <0.001 1.14(1.11~1.18) <0.001
华中 1.10(1.07~1.14) <0.001 1.15(1.11~1.18) <0.001 0.95(0.91~1.00) 0.036 0.93(0.89~0.98) 0.002
西北 0.97(0.94~1.01) 0.105 0.82(0.79~0.85) <0.001 0.70(0.66~0.74) <0.001 0.57(0.54~0.60) <0.001
西南 1.18(1.15~1.20) <0.001 1.08(1.06~1.10) <0.001 1.35(1.31~1.39) <0.001 1.08(1.04~1.11) <0.001
传播途径
同性性传播 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
异性性传播 1.30(1.28~1.32) <0.001 1.20(1.18~1.23) <0.001 1.67(1.63~1.71) <0.001 1.19(1.16~1.23) <0.001
其他 1.23(1.19~1.27) <0.001 1.13(1.10~1.17) <0.001 1.28(1.22~1.33) <0.001 1.02(0.98~1.07) 0.335
BMI(kg/m 2
<18.5 0.71(0.70~0.73) <0.001 0.74(0.72~0.76) <0.001 0.66(0.64~0.69) <0.001 0.72(0.69~0.75) <0.001
18.5~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
24.0~ 1.96(1.92~1.99) <0.001 1.93(1.89~1.96) <0.001 1.46(1.43~1.50) <0.001 1.36(1.33~1.40) <0.001
≥28.0 2.91(2.82~3.01) <0.001 2.93(2.84~3.03) <0.001 1.75(1.68~1.82) <0.001 1.67(1.60~1.74) <0.001
缺失 1.20(1.16~1.23) <0.001 1.13(1.10~1.16) <0.001 1.07(1.03~1.10) <0.001 1.00(0.97~1.03) 0.982
CD4 +T淋巴细胞计数(个/µl)
<200 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
200~ 0.86(0.84~0.88) <0.001 0.82(0.81~0.84) <0.001 1.33(1.30~1.37) <0.001 1.36(1.32~1.39) <0.001
350~ 0.98(0.96~1.00) 0.098 0.95(0.92~0.97) <0.001 1.60(1.55~1.65) <0.001 1.74(1.69~1.79) <0.001
≥500 1.16(1.13~1.18) <0.001 1.09(1.07~1.12) <0.001 1.94(1.88~2.00) <0.001 2.17(2.10~2.24) <0.001
缺失 1.03(1.01~1.06) 0.004 0.97(0.95~1.00) 0.020 1.50(1.45~1.54) <0.001 1.40(1.35~1.44) <0.001
2018-2023年中国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常的影响因素分析
讨论
目前的研究普遍支持ART会加重血脂异常,但是对于HIV感染者启动ART前的血脂状况研究较少。本研究发现,HIV感染者启动ART前的TG、TC异常率分别为31.41%、13.75%,与国内外研究相近。两项国内医疗机构的研究显示,近千例启动ART前的成年HIV感染者的TG、TC异常率分别为15.40%~26.39%、10.18%~13.31% 10 , 11;来自尼日利亚、印度、埃塞俄比亚的研究显示启动ART前的HIV感染者的TG、TC异常率分别是18.60%~29.80%、8.00%~16.60% 12 , 13 , 14
本研究发现,45~64岁、BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2和东北地区的HIV感染者基线TG和TC异常率较高,这与其他研究结果相似 15 , 16 , 17,启动ART前的HIV感染者在45~64岁时,处于TG和TC异常峰值的高发年龄段。在本研究中,女性HIV感染者的TG和TC异常的风险高于男性,这与既往研究相似 18 , 19,而乌干达和肯尼亚的两项研究未发现性别对HIV感染者TG和TC的影响 20 , 21。无论HIV感染者的CD4计数水平高低,其TG和TC异常率均高于一般人群,尤其是CD4计数≥500个/µl的HIV感染者 22。此外,与CD4计数较低者相比,CD4计数≥500个/µl的HIV感染者可能面临血脂异常的较高风险,日本的研究发现,CD4计数较低的HIV感染者血脂异常风险较低 23。CD4作为免疫系统的关键组成部分,其水平和功能状态对血脂代谢有着重要的影响,有研究报道,CD4计数水平和功能状态与血脂异常之间的关联,可能与炎症因子释放、内皮细胞功能障碍以及脂质过氧化有关 24 , 25
在HIV感染者血脂异常的管理中,无论是否启动ART,都应定期检查其血脂状况。目前我国艾滋病治疗指南建议,将包括血脂异常在内的心血管疾病风险因素筛查纳入HIV感染者的常规检查,定点医疗机构的医务人员应尽早识别并诊断血脂异常等亚临床阶段的疾病,从而降低HIV感染者发生血脂异常等合并疾病的风险,提高HIV感染者的生命质量和期望寿命。此外,TG异常是HIV感染者启动ART前的常见血脂异常类型,在启动ART时应考虑使用引起血脂异常可能性较低的药物。
本研究存在局限性。回顾性研究存在部分缺失值,不仅缺少HDL-C和LDL-C等血脂评价指标,还缺少运动、吸烟、饮酒和饮食等生活行为指标。本研究应用多因素分析调整性别、年龄等潜在混杂因素,但数据维度有限,与传播途径相关的混杂因素较多,传播途径和血脂异常的关联尚需进一步论证。将来应开展基于多指标综合评价体系的前瞻性队列研究,进一步分析HIV感染者血脂异常规律。本研究涵盖全国样本,结果代表性较强,结论对于HIV感染者血脂管理工作具有一定的指导意义。
综上所述,2018-2023年我国HIV感染者启动ART前的TG异常率较高,尤其是女性HIV感染者,且随着年龄上升,TG和TC异常率均上升,在临床诊疗及选择ART方案时要予以重视。
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备注信息
A
赵燕,Email: nc.defsdabiaanihcnayoahz
B

贾瀚璐:研究设计、数据分析、论文撰写;魏来、耿云霞:数据分析、论文撰写;甘秀敏、赵德才:数据收集和质量控制、现场指导;赵燕:研究设计指导、论文审阅、经费支持

C
贾瀚璐, 魏来, 耿云霞, 等. 2018-2023年中国HIV感染者启动抗病毒治疗前的血脂异常特征及影响因素分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2025, 46(1): 95-100. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240902-00546.
D
Jia HL, Wei L, Geng YX, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and influencing factors in HIV-infected people before starting antiretroviral therapy in China,2018-2023[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2025, 46(1):95-100. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240902-00546.
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