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抗菌药物超说明书用法专家共识
中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会
中华结核和呼吸杂志编辑委员会
中国药学会药物临床评价研究专业委员会
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DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2015.06.005
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摘要

药品说明书是临床医师处方的最重要依据，但因药物在临床应用中不断有新的发现与经验积累，再加上药物临床注册试验周期长、药品说明书更新相对滞后，因此，超说明书用药有其科学性与合理性，在临床中往往是不可避免的，甚至有时也会成为挽救生命的唯一手段。与其他类药物相比，抗菌药物用于敏感细菌的超适应证用法或用于不够敏感细菌的超剂量用法更普遍、更常见。文献报道，在25个研究共7亿2千余万处方中，成人重症患者抗菌药物超说明书用法处方占19%～43%，普通门诊也占23%@ [ 1 ] 。可见抗菌药物的超说明书用法是一种在临床业已存在的较普遍的现象。

引用本文

中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会,中华结核和呼吸杂志编辑委员会,中国药学会药物临床评价研究专业委员会. 抗菌药物超说明书用法专家共识[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2015,38(6)：410-444.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2015.06.005

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未经授权，不得转载、摘编本刊文章，不得使用本刊的版式设计。

除非特别声明，本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。

前言
药品说明书是临床医师处方的最重要依据，但因药物在临床应用中不断有新的发现与经验积累，再加上药物临床注册试验周期长、药品说明书更新相对滞后，因此，超说明书用药有其科学性与合理性，在临床中往往是不可避免的，甚至有时也会成为挽救生命的唯一手段。与其他类药物相比，抗菌药物用于敏感细菌的超适应证用法或用于不够敏感细菌的超剂量用法更普遍、更常见。文献报道，在25个研究共7亿2千余万处方中，成人重症患者抗菌药物超说明书用法处方占19%～43%，普通门诊也占23%@ [ 1 ]。可见抗菌药物的超说明书用法是一种在临床业已存在的较普遍的现象。
超说明书用法也称未注册用法(off-label uses，unlabeled uses，out of label usage or outside of labeling)，其内容包括超适应证、超剂量、超疗程、超适应人群及改变说明书中规定的用药途径与用药间隔时间等。
2013版"赫尔辛基宣言" [ 2 ]在最后一节中强调指出："医生在治疗患者时，如无已证实的有效方法或其他已知方法均无效时，当医生判断有挽救生命、恢复健康、减轻痛苦的可能，在征得患者或监护人同意后，参考专家建议可采用未经证实的方法"。而本共识推荐的用法均是经过临床实践证明较为安全有效的用法。目前，我国有关超说明书用药的法规尚不完善，医师选择超说明书用药将承担更大的风险。本共识的主要宗旨是给读者提供有参考价值的、常用且重要的抗菌药物超说明书应用的科学信息，并不涉及超说明书用法的批准程序，也不涉及婴幼儿、孕妇及哺乳期妇女等特殊人群。
临床医师应自始至终时刻权衡治疗对象的获益和风险，在遵守国家、地方政府和所在医院有关法律规定的基础上，参照本专家共识提供的信息，针对不同的治疗对象制定具体治疗方案，同时本共识也强调，当遵照说明书就能达到安全有效的治疗目的时，应尽量避免选择超说明书用法。
本共识推荐的证据等级划分参照以下原则：A级：国外说明书已载入或国内外权威指南作为A级推荐；B级：本共识制定者认可的指南中作为B级推荐或有循证医学证据支持、发表在权威学术期刊上的研究结果；C级：学术刊物发表的有一定科学根据的研究结果。本共识不收录以个案报告及专家个人意见为依据的用法。
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刘又宁，100853北京，解放军总医院呼吸科
B
(排名不分先后)：邸秀珍，顾恒琼，姜悦，李培，李颖，林东昉，刘斌，马莹，倪文涛，秦晓华，苏鑫，孙文逵，王明华，谢社玲，徐小勇，张萍，赵旭为本共识收集资料
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