综述
ENGLISH ABSTRACT
杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体 KIR2DS4等位基因与疾病相关性的研究进展
蒋鸣燕
朱易萍 [综述]
李强 [综述]
作者及单位信息
·
DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2016.01.021
Research progress of the association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS4 alleles and diseases
Jiang Mingyan
Zhu Yiping
Li Qiang
Authors Info & Affiliations
Jiang Mingyan
Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
Zhu Yiping
Li Qiang
·
DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2016.01.021
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摘要

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)主要表达于自然杀伤(NK)细胞及某些T细胞表面,可调节NK细胞功能。 KIR编码基因具有高度多态性,可组成不同单倍型。其中 KIR2DS4具有多种等位基因,是单倍型A携带的唯一活化性 KIR基因,编码功能性KIR2DS4受体,而当其在第5外显子丢失22 bp碱基后即成为 KIR1D基因,编码无功能的可溶性受体KIR1D。由于 KIR2DS4具有独特的基因特征、单倍型和群体分布特征,以及KIR2DS4受体与配体的关系,使其在KIR与疾病相关性研究中尤为重要。笔者拟就近年来 KIR2DS4等位基因与疾病相关性的研究进展进行综述。

受体,KIR;等位基因;疾病
ABSTRACT

The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are mainly expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and some populations of T cells, regulate the activity of NK cells. KIR genes are highly polymorphic, which result in different KIR haplotypes. The group A haplotypes carry only one activating KIR gene, KIR2DS4, which often has a 22 bp deletion in exon 5 and encodes a soluble nonfunctional receptor KIR1D. KIR2DS4 has specific gene structures, haplotype and population distribution, thus plays an important role in the association of KIR genes and diseases. Here we summarize recent research progress in light of the association of KIR2DS4 alleles and diseases.

Receptors, KIR;Allele;Disease
Li Qiang, Email: mocdef.aabnis 0002mcql
Fund program: Chengdu Scientific and Technologic Bureau Foundation(11DXYB086JH-027)
引用本文

蒋鸣燕,朱易萍,李强. 杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体 KIR2DS4等位基因与疾病相关性的研究进展 [J]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版),2016,12(1):114-117.

DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2016.01.021

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自然杀伤(natural killer, NK)细胞是一类不具有T、B淋巴细胞表面标志物和特征的细胞毒性淋巴细胞,该细胞功能与人类多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关 [ 1 ]。NK细胞的细胞毒作用受到多种活化性受体和抑制性受体的调控,从而维持机体自身免疫耐受和对病原体、肿瘤细胞免疫监视等的动态平衡 [ 2 , 3 ]。其中,杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, KIR)是主要表达于NK细胞及某些T淋巴细胞表面的受体之一,可参与调节NK细胞功能 [ 4 ]。KIR由人类染色体19q13.42位于白细胞受体复合体(leukocyte receptor complex, LRC)中一段长约150 kb的基因区域编码 [ 5 , 6 ]。目前已发现16种 KIR基因(包括2个假基因 KIR2DP1KIR3DP1)。其中,编码胞质区L型长尾段的为抑制性 KIR基因,包括 KIR3DL1-3KIR2DL1-3KIR2DL5;编码胞质区S型短尾段的为活化性 KIR基因,包括 KIR2DS1-5、KIR3DS1;KIR2DL4同时具有抑制和活化功能 [ 5 , 6 ]KIR基因具有高度基因多态性,表现为 KIR基因组合数量和种类的多态性,以及同一 KIR基因座等位基因的多态性 [ 7 , 8 ]KIR基因组合具有一定规律性,从而形成不同的单倍型,分为单倍型A和单倍型B两组。单倍型A结构较为固定,包括9个基因( KIR3DL3、KIR2DL3、KIR2DP1、KIR2DL1、KIR3DP1、KIR2DL4、KIR3DL1、KIR2DS4KIR3DL2),可编码多种抑制性KIR和1种活化性 KIR基因( KIR2DS4)。除单倍型A的单倍型统称为单倍型B,由多种基因组成( KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2、KIR2DS3、KIR2DS5、KIR2DL2、KIR2DL5KIR3DS1等),可编码多种活化性KIR [ 8 , 9 ]。KIR的配体主要是人类白细胞抗原(human leucocyte antigen, HLA)I类分子 [ 10 ]。多种抑制性和活化性KIR的组合表达,可通过KIR与靶细胞上的配体结合,产生抑制和活化信号,调节NK细胞杀伤活性,参与人类多种疾病的发生、发展 [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]
1 KIR2DS4等位基因
KIR2DS4是单倍型A携带的唯一活化性 KIR基因,具有12种等位基因,其中,9种等位基因存在编码区核苷酸改变: 2DS4*00101、*00102*00103编码完整的细胞表面受体KIR2DS4,而 2DS4*003、004、006、007、008009等位基因则在第5外显子缺失22 bp碱基,导致读码框移位,形成截短的KIR2DS4受体,而该受体由于失去跨膜区和胞质区结构域,无法锚定于细胞膜上,从而产生可溶性无功能变异体KIR1D [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]。不同人种 KIR2DS4等位基因频率不同。黄种人(包括中国汉族人、日本人和韩国人) KIR2DS4KIR1D基因频率比例约为2:1 [ 17 , 18 , 19 ],白种人以 KIR1D基因为主 [ 20 , 21 ]。KIR2DS4受体在胞质区无免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, ITIM),但在跨膜区含有带正电荷的赖氨酸残基,可以与其他含有免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, ITAM)的分子如DNAX相关蛋白(DNAX-associated protein, DAP)12,或杀伤细胞活化受体相关蛋白(killer cell activating receptor-associated protein, KARAP)非共价结合,使DAP12、Sky酪氨酸激酶、磷脂酶C等发生磷酸化,激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK)级联反应,引起NK细胞活化 [ 22 ]
目前,KIR2DS4的生理作用及其功能性配体仍尚未完全明确。有研究结果显示,KIR2DS4可能与某些HLA-Ⅰ类分子 [ 10 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]及其他未知配体[如主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)-Ⅰ类分子]结合 [ 27 ],例如KIR2DS4与部分HLA-C的亲和力弱于KIR2DS1,而KIR2DS4可与HLA-A*11结合 [ 25 ]。Katz等 [ 24 ]研究结果显示,KIR2DS4可与表达HLA-Cw4的细胞低亲和力结合,还可识别黑色素瘤细胞上表达的非HLA-Ⅰ类配体,增强NK细胞活性,杀伤靶细胞 [ 27 ]
2 KIR2DS4与相关疾病
2.1 KIR2DS4与感染性疾病
KIR2DS4和KIR1D与感染性疾病的相关性日益成为研究热点之一。携带KIR2DS4的血清人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immun-odeficiency virus,HIV)呈阳性患者更易将HIV-1传递给血清HIV呈阴性的伴侣 [ 26 ]。一项关于母婴传播HIV的研究结果显示,胎儿宫内感染组 KIR1D基因频率较非感染组显著升高 [ 28 ]。对于母亲KIR2DS4 而胎儿KIR2DS 者,分娩期发生母婴传播HIV的婴儿携带 KIR1D基因比例较未发生母婴传播HIV的婴儿显著升高 [ 28 ]。Zhuang等 [ 29 ]研究结果显示,中国汉族梅毒患者 KIR1D纯合子( KIR1D/KIR1D)的基因频率较正常对照组显著增高,提示 KIR1D纯合子可能与中国汉族人群的梅毒易感性相关。疟原虫阳性患者杂合子( KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1)联合 KIR2DS4纯合子( KIR2DS4/KIR2DS4)的基因频率也较疟原虫阴性患者显著升高 [ 30 ]。在 KIR基因簇中, KIR3DL1KIR2DS4(包括 KIR2DS4及其变异体 KIR1D)均位于端粒侧,并且二者存在明显连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium, LD) [ 31 ]。基于上述结构关系,KIR3DL1可能作为KIR2DS4活化的抑制体,提示二者活化和抑制信号的平衡关系可能参与个体免疫功能的平衡。这种调节机制可能是上游KIR3DL1的表达调节KIR2DS4的转录 [ 30 ]KIR等位基因的多态性可能产生不同的KIR表达水平,从而具有不同的配体特异性 [ 32 ]。Paladino等 [ 33 ]研究结果显示,丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染者 KIR2DS4基因频率降低,提示特定 KIR基因对一种疾病有益的同时,可能对另一种疾病有害。
2.2 KIR2DS4与肿瘤性疾病
目前,KIR2DS4与肿瘤性疾病关系的研究较多。Pan等 [ 34 ]研究结果显示,肝细胞性肝癌组患者KIR2DS4基因频率较非肝细胞性肝癌组患者增高,但二者比较,差异无统计学意义,并且KIR2DS4是否可与乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染细胞上的蛋白结合仍需进一步研究。De Re等 [ 35 ]研究结果显示,KIR2DS4 转移性结直肠癌患者治疗后完全缓解率较KIR2DS4 患者显著增高。
Giebel等 [ 36 ]研究结果显示,波兰接受造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)的慢性粒细胞白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia,CML)患者携带 KIR2DS4 KIR1D 基因频率较供者显著增高,但未发现接受HSCT的急性髓细胞白血病(acute myelocytic leukemia,AML)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)患者和供者中 KIR2DS4 KIR1D 基因频率有类似差异。该研究结果提示,CML细胞可能是KIR2DS4受体介导杀伤作用的靶细胞,而由于无功能的KIR1D替代KIR2DS4,可能降低NK细胞对CML细胞的杀伤作用。张艳等 [ 37 ]研究结果显示,中国汉族白血病患者 KIR2DS4基因频率较正常对照组显著升高,而进一步比较发现CML组患儿 KIR2DS4基因频率较急性非淋巴细胞白血病(acute nonlymphocytic leukemia,NALL)组,ALL组及对照组患儿均显著升高,该结果提示活化性KIR2DS4可能是CML发病的危险因素。但由于该研究未区分 KIR2DS4及其等位基因 KIR1D,可能影响针对 KIR2DS4与白血病发病相关性研究的结果 [ 38 ]。Almalte等 [ 39 ]研究结果显示,法裔加拿大B-ALL患儿活化性 KIR基因(包括 KIR2DS4,不包括 KIR1D)基因频率较正常对照组显著降低,提示活化性 KIR基因对儿童B-ALL具有保护作用。但随后德国一项研究结果显示,白种人活化性 KIR基因与儿童B-ALL的发病无类似相关性,但该研究未区分 KIR2DS4KIR1D [ 40 ]
目前,对KIR2DS4相应配体的认知较为有限。有研究结果显示,KIR2DS4配体主要为HLA-A*11、部分HLA-C1和HLA-C2及未识别的黑色素瘤抗原 [ 10 , 23 , 25 ]。由于 KIR1D编码可溶性分子,因此KIR1D可屏蔽KIR2DS4或某些细胞(如T细胞、NK细胞)上其他受体的配体 [ 41 ],或作为清除可溶性HLA的诱导物,干扰NK细胞功能 [ 15 , 36 ]。Pan等 [ 34 ]研究结果亦显示,KIR1D分子可能通过与KIR2DS4的配体相互作用发挥功能。KIR1D蛋白在表达其配体的细胞上可能发挥旁分泌功能,或者在表达交叉重叠配体上发挥膜受体竞争功能 [ 15 , 36 ]。上述猜测与Gomez-Lozano等 [ 42 ]研究的KIR3DP1v功能类似。此外,由于抑制性受体的配体HLA-Ⅰ表达水平降低,削弱抑制信号,从而可能增强NK细胞对白血病细胞的溶解作用 [ 43 , 44 ]
2.3 KIR2DS4与其他疾病
HSCT后巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)再活化的患者KIR2DS2和KIR2DS4蛋白表达增加 [ 45 ]。此外,由于供者活化性KIR是发生急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)的潜在高危标志物 [ 46 ]。Bao等 [ 47 ]发现 KIR2DS4作为AA基因型供者体内唯一的活化性 KIR基因, KIR2DS4的表达增加异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)后aGVHD的发生风险。Chen等 [ 48 ]研究结果显示,含有更多活化性KIR受体的NK细胞可产生更多γ-干扰素,进而产生强烈的细胞溶解效应。而γ-干扰素已被证实与aGVHD的发生有关 [ 49 ]。对于因肾小球肾炎进入终末期肾病而接受肾脏移植的患者,其 KIR2DS4KIR1D基因增加急性排斥反应的发生风险 [ 41 ]。进行肝脏移植的供者与受者 KIR基因错配影响移植物存活率。例如,对于接受HLA-C1 (HLA-C2 /HLA-C2 )供者移植的KIR2DS4 受者,其移植物存活率显著低于接受HLA-C1 /HLA-C1 供者移植的受者 [ 50 ]。全身型幼年特发性关节炎(juvenile idiopathic arthritis,JIA)患儿 KIR2DS4基因频率明显低于多关节型JIA、少关节型JIA患儿及健康儿童 [ 51 ]。此外,携带单倍型A KIR1D基因的孕妇分娩成功率较低 [ 52 ]
KIR2DS4作为单倍型A的唯一活化性 KIR基因,其基因多态性与疾病的相关性日益引起人们关注 [ 24 , 36 , 37 ]。由于样本量、分组标准及研究人种等因素不同,上述研究可能得出不一致结果。因而, KIR2DS4KIR1D基因、蛋白及其配体的功能仍有待于进一步探索,明确其参与疾病发生发展的具体机制,以指导临床诊疗。
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备注信息
A
李强,Email: mocdef.aabnis0002mcql
B

蒋鸣燕,朱易萍,李强.杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体KIR2DS4等位基因与疾病相关性的研究进展[J/CD].中华妇幼临床医学杂志:电子版,2016,12(1):114-117.

C
成都市科学技术局基金项目 (11DXYB086JH-027)
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