诊疗方案
咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2015)
中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组
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DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.05.003
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摘要

咳嗽是呼吸专科门诊和社区门诊患者最常见的症状,在国内专科门诊中,慢性咳嗽患者约占三分之一以上。咳嗽病因复杂且涉及面广,特别是胸部影像学检查无明显异常的慢性咳嗽,因诊断不明确,很多患者常反复进行各种检查,或者长期大量使用抗菌药物和镇咳药物,收效甚微并产生诸多不良反应,对患者的工作、学习和生活质量造成严重影响,同时也带来了严重的经济负担 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]

引用本文

中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组. 咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2015)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(5):323-354.

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.05.003

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咳嗽是呼吸专科门诊和社区门诊患者最常见的症状,在国内专科门诊中,慢性咳嗽患者约占三分之一以上。咳嗽病因复杂且涉及面广,特别是胸部影像学检查无明显异常的慢性咳嗽,因诊断不明确,很多患者常反复进行各种检查,或者长期大量使用抗菌药物和镇咳药物,收效甚微并产生诸多不良反应,对患者的工作、学习和生活质量造成严重影响,同时也带来了严重的经济负担 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]
为了进一步规范我国急、慢性咳嗽的诊断和治疗,指导咳嗽的临床和基础研究,中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组组织相关专家,于2005年制定了中国"咳嗽的诊断和治疗指南(草案)" [ 6 ]并于2009年进行了修订 [ 7 ]。我国咳嗽指南的制定主要根据国内咳嗽研究结果和临床实践,同时参考了美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)、欧洲呼吸协会(ERS)以及日本、澳大利亚等国家发布的咳嗽指南 [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ],在结构和内容上具有鲜明的中国特色。指南制定以来,对临床实践起到了良好的指导作用,显著提高了国内的咳嗽诊治水平。近年来,国内外对咳嗽发病机制、病因分布、诊断与治疗研究取得了许多新的进展,为进一步完善指南,及时反映国内外相关研究结果,中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组于2014年启动了2009年版"咳嗽的诊断和治疗指南"的修订工作。为适应指南发展的要求,本次指南修订首次采用了循证医学方法,检索了大量文献,形成了众多的推荐意见。新版指南主要增加和修订了以下几方面的内容:(1)指南制定方法和循证方法的介绍。(2)对原有的章节进行了更新和扩展。(3)增加了咳嗽的评估。(4)增加了咳嗽的中医中药治疗。(5)增加了儿童慢性咳嗽的病因分布特点与治疗原则。(6)增加了慢性咳嗽的少见病因。(7)介绍了不明原因咳嗽(难治性咳嗽,咳嗽高敏综合征)等相关问题。
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附录
附件1
慢性咳嗽病因诊断流程
附件2
高渗盐水雾化诱导痰炎症细胞检测方法

通过雾化吸入高渗盐水诱导患者咳出痰液,以检测痰液炎症细胞总数及细胞分类结果,明确患者气道炎症类型和程度,协助诊治及预后观察。

高渗盐水雾化可采用单一浓度法(NaCl浓度:3%或4.5%)或梯度浓度法(NaCl浓度:3%,4%,5%),重症哮喘或儿童可考虑采用生理盐水雾化以减少不良反应。

试剂:高渗盐水,0.1%二硫苏糖醇(DTT)及苏木素-伊红或瑞士染色液等。

检测仪器:超声或压缩雾化器、水浴箱、旋涡或水平振荡器、光学显微镜等。

操作方法:

1.高渗盐水雾化:(1)单一浓度法:①诱导前10 min让患者吸入沙丁胺醇400 μg。②10 min后清水漱口、擤鼻。③高渗盐水雾化吸入10 min,漱口、擤鼻后主动用力咳痰至培养皿。④若患者无痰或痰量不足则重复步骤3,直至咳出足量合格痰标本或雾化总时间达30 min时均终止雾化。(2)梯度浓度法:①诱导前10 min让患者吸入沙丁胺醇400 μg。②10 min后清水漱口、擤鼻。③3%高渗盐水雾化吸入15 min,漱口、擤鼻后主动用力咳痰至培养皿。④若患者无痰或痰量不足则换用4%高渗盐水继续雾化8 min。⑤若患者无痰或痰量不足则换用5%高渗盐水继续雾化7 min后终止诱导程序。⑥雾化期间如患者咳出足量合格痰标本或雾化总时间达30 min时均终止雾化。

2.痰液处理及检测:痰液咳出后应立即处理,4 ℃存放不超过3 h。及时用镊子收集痰栓或不透明痰块,加入2~4倍体积的0.1%的DTT充分混合,裂解10~15 min,37 ℃水浴和水平温和震荡可提高裂解效果,48 μm滤纸或300目尼龙滤网过滤后,常温离心10 min(2 500转/min),弃上清液后PBS重悬沉淀细胞,牛鲍氏计数板计数细胞总数,细胞悬液涂片,HE或瑞士染色,光镜下对400个以上炎症细胞进行分类。

注意事项:(1)重症哮喘或哮喘急性发作患者需联合肺功能及临床症状综合判断是否适合进行高渗盐水雾化。当患者第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV 1)占预计值%<60%或喘息症状明显时建议让患者自然咳痰或行生理盐水雾化诱导。(2)实验室须备有哮喘急性发作等不良反应的抢救指引、设备和药物,雾化过程中密切观察患者表现,必要时监测肺功能。(3)激素类、抗过敏药、茶碱等药物可能会对检查结果造成影响,需要停药3 d以上,但在观察治疗随访效果时,检查期间可不停药。

附件3
多通道食管阻抗-pH监测方法

检测仪器:多通道食管阻抗-pH监测仪。

操作方法:(1)检查前将电极先后置于pH值7.00和pH值4.00的标准液中校正,以保证仪器工作的准确性和稳定性。(2)选择通气较好的一侧鼻腔,用2%利多卡因喷雾局部麻醉,先插入食管测压导管,用定点牵拉法确定食管下括约肌位置,然后经鼻置入束缚在一起的6通道阻抗电极导管和pH电极导管入食管内。阻抗电极中心位置分别位于食管下括约肌上缘上方3、5、7、9、15、17 cm处,pH电极位于食管下括约肌上缘上方5 cm处,参考电极固定于胸骨中下段,将阻抗和pH电极连接至多通道食管阻抗-pH监测仪,以50 Hz的频率记录数据。

监测时间:18 h以上。

检测结果分析:分析内容包括酸和非酸反流事件的识别、计数和分类,食团清除时间、食团暴露时间和食管酸清除时间等参数的测量和计算。食管酸暴露程度以DeMeester总积分表示,由6项参数组成:24 h食管pH值<4的次数,反流时间>5 min的次数,最长反流时间,总、立位、卧位pH值<4的时间占监测时间的百分比。同时计算反流与咳嗽的症状相关概率(SAP)。

注意事项:(1)检查前10 h禁食。(2)检查前最后一次用餐时禁食酸性食物。(3)检查前停服制酸剂7 d,停服促胃动力药3 d,全部药物24 h,但随访治疗效果时可不停药检查。(4)患者必须严格按要求准确记录监测日志,所有记录事件的时间必须以监测仪上显示的时间为准。(5)监测期间患者需保持日常生活方式,不限制活动,但禁食酸、辣刺激性食品、饮料和抗酸药物。

附件4
咳嗽激发试验方法

通过雾化方式使受试者吸入一定量的辣椒素气雾溶胶颗粒,诱发其产生咳嗽,以吸入后患者咳嗽≥5次的最低激发浓度(C 5)来表示咳嗽的敏感性。

试剂配制:将辣椒素溶解于Tween 80液和100%乙醇中,再溶于8 ml生理盐水,配成0.01 mol/L原液。使用前用生理盐水进行倍比稀释,浓度为1.95、3.9、7.8、15.6、31.2、62.5、125、250、500、1 000 μmol/L。

测定仪器:采用吸气触发的定量吸入装置。压缩空气流速为0.11 L/s,总输出量约为160 mg/min(以生理盐水作标准),单次吸入时间为0.5 s。嘱受试者由残气位缓慢吸气至肺总量位,在吸气上半段定量吸入辣椒素雾化溶液。

操作方法:(1)先吸入雾化生理盐水作为基础对照。(2)随后由最低浓度(1.95 μmol/L)起吸入雾化辣椒素溶液,记录30 s内咳嗽的次数。若不能达到C 5标准,再进行下一个浓度的吸入,每次递增浓度1倍。(3)达到C 5标准时终止试验,该浓度就是其咳嗽的域值。如果浓度达到1 000 μmol/L,受试者还没出现C 5时,应终止试验,其域值浓度记为>1 000 μmol/L。若患者出现明显不适感时(如剧烈胸骨后烧灼感、气促、呼吸困难等),也应立即终止试验。

注意事项:(1)试验所用的溶液须新鲜配制。(2)具有以下情况者不宜进行本试验:孕妇、哮喘急性发作、气胸、近期咯血及严重心脏疾病等患者。(3)在整个过程中受试者应处于平静状态。在吸入刺激物后不要进行说话等有可能会影响咳嗽的行为。

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备注信息
A
赖克方,510120 呼吸疾病国家重点实验室 广州医科大学附属第一医院 广州呼吸疾病研究所,Email: mocdef.3ab61ialk
B
辉瑞健康药物部、第一三共制药(上海)有限公司、扬子江药业集团有限公司和阿斯利康制药有限公司给予本研究支持
C
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