As the main method of laboratory testing of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), nucleic acid testing has played a major role in domestic epidemic prevention and control. With the dynamic "clearing" of domestic cases and the in-depth understanding of the risk of virus transmission through contaminated articles, prevention and control of infected persons and contaminated articles has become the focus of current epidemic prevention and control in our country. Environmental surveillance on SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is one of the indispensable patterns in regular prevention and control. However, due to the vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and SARS-CoV-2 related scientific activities, frequent "false positive" nucleic acid test results in the environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 have caused confusions in the prevention and control of epidemics. For providing a reference for epidemic control, the nucleic acid detection methods, sources of environmental nucleic acid contamination, identification methods as well as prevention and control measures were analyzed and countermeasures were proposed, by summarizing the experience of epidemic prevention and control and literature reviewing.