Osteoporosis is a severe disease for the aged people worldwide. There are only three alternatives, namely mineralization drugs, anti-resorptions and bone formation promoters. More basic achievements need to be proved efficiently in patients. We summarized the front basic research of osteoporosis such as the new potential treatment targets and the related mechanism. Firstly, we summarized the progress about the physiopathologic research including the immune regulation of bone remodeling namely RANK/RANKL pathway and WNT signal pathway. Secondly, the monoclonal antibody biology drugs benefit the osteoporosis. Thirdly, cytokines including bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor influence the bone formation and resorption. Fourthly, transcriptions such as GATA4, SFRP1, Tph1 and DDK1 are also related with osteoporosis. Fifthly, mesenchymal stem cells play roles in the etiopathology of osteoporosis and their potential use for the treatment of this disease is discussed. Lastly, the relationship between bone-gut microbiome axis and miRNAs and osteoporosis is described.